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Abstract

In the production environment, there are many disruptions, such as machine breakdown, rush orders, and so on. Under these circumstances, the shipyards have to meet customer demand. If this is not done, the shipyard may face customer loss, since they cannot meet the deadline. So, it is very important to understand the effects of machine breakdown on system throughput. In this study, the hull production system of a shipyard situated in Turkey has been considered. In the first step of the study, the structure of the double bottom block, which is produced in the shipyard production system, and the workstations, which constitute the production system, were identified. Secondly, the simulation model of the production system was created using simulation software. By creating some machine breakdowns for various work stations in the production system, the effects of breakdown on system throughput have been investigated. As a result of the study, the critical rates of machine breakdown, which have affected system throughput, have been determined. The main contribution of the study is to allow production engineers to take measures against machine breakdowns in advance, so that target throughput can be reached.

Keywords

Shipyard ; Ship production ; Simulation ; Machine breakdown ; Critical breakdown rate

1. Introduction

Manufacturing environments are dynamic in nature and are subject to various disruptions, refered to as real-time events, which can change system status and affect its performance  [1] . These disruptions are machine breakdown, rush orders, and order cancellations etc. Machine breakdown is often an important factor in the throughput of manufacturing systems  [2] . If a machine breakdown occurs in a production system, throughput, which is one of the performance measures, might change, therefore, production planners must take precautions against this happening.

Throughput is one of the most significant performance measures in a production system. Companies need to reach the target throughput which was planned before. While system throughput is decreasing, customer needs cannot be met and deadlines have to be revised by the production planners. This situation causes companies to lose their customers, which also means money loss. Therefore, a production system has to meet deadlines using available resources, despite a disturbed environment  [3] .

Machines are key elements in manufacturing systems and their breakdown can dramatically affect system performance measures  [4] . So, it is a big problem for the production planners if the breakdowns are unplanned. In the production process, it is very difficult to estimate where and when a machine breakdown occurs. But, as critical workstations, in terms of machine breakdown, are determined, production planners can take precautions regarding these critical workstations, which will allow the production process to continue without stopping.

Machine breakdown can cause delays in the production system. Due to these delays, work activities are completed later than the time planned. The delays in workstations affect the whole production system and lead to deviations from target throughput. In order to prevent dramatic deviations in the production process, the effects of machine breakdown on system throughput should be determined. So, as critical workstations, in terms of machine breakdown, are determined, it is possible to take precautions against the effects of time delays. When a machine breakdown changes the system throughput, the station, where the machine breakdown has taken place, is regarded as a critical station for the breakdown. By considering the critical workstations, it is possible to take some precautions, such as creating an extra buffer area in front of the critical station. The parts manufactured in critical workstations can be reserved on this additional buffer area. In cases of machine breakdown that takes place in critical stations, the parts reserved in the buffer area can be used so that the production can carry on without stopping. As this is done, target throughput becomes reachable.

There are many papers in literature with respect to machine breakdown. In Gupta’s study  [5] , he considered a production line consisting of 7 workstations. When a machine breakdown occured in station 3, the performances of TKS (Traditional Kanban System) and FKS (Flexible Kanban System) were compared in terms of order completion time and product quantity. Shin  [6] simulated a production line, and when a machine breakdown occured in the production line, the effect of the breakdown on system throughput was determined. Wazed analysed the effects of common processes and batch size on production quantity and cycle time  [7] . Elleuch modelled two distinct production cells with ARENA software, and investigated the effects of machine breakdown on the productivity of production cells  [8] . Considering a production line, Ilar investigated the effects on productivity of machine replacement and the exchange of new machines with old  [9] .

In this study, machine breakdowns, which may occur in a shipyard production system, and their effects, have been investigated, and the critical workstations in cases of machine breakdown have been determined. For doing this, some machine breakdown scenarios have been created and applied to the shipyard production system using simulation software. In each machine breakdown scenario, the operation times of machines located in the workstations have been increased regularly, and the critical rates of machine breakdown, which affect system throughput, have been determined. Firstly, the structure of a double bottom block, which was considered a product in this study, was identified. Secondly, the workstations that are involved in ship production have been investigated. Then, the whole operation process has been analysed using ARENA simulation software. This is because the ARENA model provides the platform where virtual experiments are conducted to study different solutions and find the best one  [10] . Then, the data achieved from the process analysis have been transmitted to the ARENA software  [11] and the simulation model of the production system (Figure 1 ) was run for 720 h (90 days) without any breakdown. As a result of running the simulation, the production quantity of the system for this time period (720 h) has been obtained. Then, some breakdown scenarios have been applied to the simulation model. The breakdown scenarios are based on “what if” situations using simulation  [12] . In this way, the effects of machine breakdown on system throughput have been investigated. By doing this, the aim is towards determination of critical workstations, in terms of machine breakdown, so that production planners can take precautions, and target throughput can be achieved. Therefore, during the production process, the planners have to be ready for time delays which are resulted from machine breakdown.

Figure 1. The phases of the study.

2. The phases of the study

The phases of the study contain seven steps, as can be seen from Figure 1 . Implementing the steps one by one, it is aimed to determine the effects of machine breakdown on a shipyard production system and, finally, to make some suggestions. Here, a double bottom block of a containership was considered, since it includes all workstations that are involved in hull production. The phases of the model were implemented for the production system of the shipyard, which is located in Turkey. The phases of the model are given in Figure 1 .

In the first phase of the study, the structure of the double bottom block is identified (Step 1). In this phase, the structure of the double bottom block and its production stages are presented. In the second phase (Step 2), called the determination of workstations, the workstations which are involved in hull block production are determined and defined. In the third phase (Step 3), a detailed process analysis of the workstations is performed and the completion durations are calculated. Then, the simulation model of the production system is created (Step 4). After the simulation model is created, some machine breakdown scenarios are implemented on the shipyard production system using the simulation model (Step 5). In (Step 6), the effect of machine breakdown on the production system is determined. In the last step (Step 7), some suggestions on how to deal with the effects of machine breakdown on the production system are made.

3. Case study

3.1. Description of double bottom block (Step 1)

A double bottom block is manufactured by bringing together the production stages mentioned above. In the first phase of the double bottom production, single section parts (A) and single plate parts (B) are fabricated. These parts are cut from the plates and profiles in the shipyard and have specific dimensions after the cutting process. Then, they are fitted and minor assembly is undertaken (C). Two or more minor assemblies constitute sub assembly (D). Flat plates are welded using the SAW (Submerged Arc Welding) method, and flat plate assembly (E) is undertaken. When the profiles are welded on top of the flat plate assembly, the flat plane assembly (F) is fabricated. Minor and sub assemblies are welded onto the flat plane assembly (F) and major sub assembly (G) is manufactured. Curved panel assembly (H) is manufactured on pin jigs. In the block assembly area, sub unit assembly (J) and curved panel assembly are mounted and welded. Finally, a double bottom block (K) is produced. Table 1 shows the production stages and their definitions.

Table 1. Production stages and definitions.

Production stage	Definitions of production stages	Structures representing production stage
A	Single section part
B	Single plate part
C	Minor assembly
D	Sub assembly
E	Flat plate assembly
F	Flat panel assembly
G	Major sub assembly
H	Curved panel assembly
J	Sub unit assembly
K	Unit assembly

3.2. Determination of work stations (Step 2)

Ship production is a hard task, since it involves thousands of work activities. These work activities are carried out in the workstations which have different functions. Table 2 shows the workstations and work activities related to double bottom block production.

Table 2. The work stations in the production process of the double bottom block.

Station no	Station name	Activity
I1	Edge cutting	Edge cutting operation of ship hull plates
I2	Edge cleaning and sequencing	Edge cleaning operation of the ship hull plates
I3	Panel production	The hull plates are welded and the panel structure is produced
I4	Panel cutting	Counter cutting of the plates
I5	Profile spot welding	Profiles are assembled on the panel by spot welding
I6	Profile tig welding	Profiles are welded on the panel by tig welding
I7	Section spot welding	Minor and sub assemblies are joined on the flat panel assembly by spot welding
I8	Section tig welding	Minor and sub assemblies are welded on the flat panel assembly by tig welding
I9	Grinding	Grinding operations of the flat panel and major sub assemblies
I10	Profile cutting	Standart-dimensioned profiles are cut and specific dimensioned profiles are fabricated
I11	Profile bending	Bending operations of the profiles
I12	Nest cutting	Single plate assemblies are manufactured
I13	Pre-fabrication	Minor and sub assemblies are produced
I14	Jig	Curved panel assemblies are produced
I15	Plate bending (press)	Bending operations of the plates
I16	Block assembly	Block structure is formed by assembling the related parts.

There are 16 workstations in the production process of the double bottom block, as can be seen from Table 2 , which are located in the shipyard production system. Every workstation has a defined task. For instance, in the panel production station (I3), the hull plates are welded and the panel structure is produced. On the other hand, in a panel cutting station (I4), the panel, which is manufactured in the panel production station (I3), is subject to counter cutting, in accordance with its dimensions. Therefore, various types of workstation come together in order to manufacture the double bottom block of a containership. Each workstation has a relation with the other(s). Figure 2 shows the material relationships between the workstations.

Figure 2. Work flow in the shipyard production system.

3.3. Detailed process analysis and determination of completion durations of workstations (Step 3)

A detailed process analysis is needed in order to model the production system by simulation. In this section, the workstations given in Table 2 will be investigated, as detailed, and the operation activities and durations of each workstation will be determined. Then, by using the operation times of the activities, the operation completion durations of thework stations is determined. While calculating the workstation completion duration, parallel and serial work activities are considered. Table 3  and Table 4 show the process analysis of profile spot welding (I5) and profile tig welding stations (I6), respectively. As a result of the process analysis of a profile spot welding station (I5), the work station total activity duration is found to be 380 min. But, the completion duration is 372 min, as can be seen from Table 4 . This is because there are parallel work activities in the profile spot welding station (I5), and why total activity and the completion duration of each station are different. The total activity duration and completion duration of the profile tig welding station are the same, since no parallel activity is available in the station. As all work activities are serial, the completion duration is the same as activity time.

Table 3. The process analysis of profile spot welding station (I5).

Activity no	Activity description	Repetition number of activity	Activity duration (min)
1	The operator walks to the crane	2	0.146
2	The operator runs the crane	2	0.166
3	The crane goes to profile stock area	36	8.178
4	The operator assistants go to profile stock area	36	3.493
5	The crane comes down the profile	38	18.051
6	The crane holds the profile	38	15.2
7	The crane lifts the profile	38	18.037
8	The crane transports the profile from the profile stock area to the porter system	38	8.473
9	The workers walk to the porter system	38	3.609
10	The crane takes down the profile on the porter system	38	12.274
11	The crane leaves the profile surface	38	4.428
12	The workers settle the profile on the porter system	38	3.8
13	The operator walks to the porter system	2	0.118
14	The workers walks to the profile welding area	2	0.404
15	The operator runs the porter system	2	0.166
16	The operator drives the porter system to the welding area	2	2.926
17	The operator walks to the profile spot welding machine	2	0.042
18	The operator cleans the welding torch	2	1.5
19	The operator runs the profile spot welding machine	2	0.5
20	The profile spot welding machine goes to the porter system	37	44.755
21	The profile spot welding machine comes down the profiles	38	3.8
22	The profile spot welding machine transports the profile from the porter system to the flat plate assembly	38	46.486
23	The profile spot welding machine takes down the profile on the flat plate assembly and alignment	38	111.394
24	The profile spot welding is prepared for welding operation.	38	6.328
25	The process of spot welding	38	63.82
26	The conveyor system transports the flat plane assembly	2	1.9
Total			380

Table 4. The process analysis of profile tig welding station (I6).

Activity no	Activity description	Repetition number of activity	Activity duration (min)
1	The conveyor transports the flat panel assembly to the tig welding station	2	0.574
2	The operator removes the slags from the welding torch	38	38
3	The operator checks the welding system and its connections	38	38
4	The operator drives the tig welding machine to the starting point of welding	36	11.577
5	The operator takes down the welding torches on the welding area	38	17.1
6	The process of tig welding	38	301.071
7	The operator takes up the welding torches	38	3.154
8	The conveyor transports the flat panel assembly to the buffer area	2	4.134
Total			413.61

In the same way, a detailed process analysis of other workstations, given in Table 2 , is performed, and all the completion times of the workstations are achieved. Table 5 shows the completion durations of the workstations which are involved in double bottom hull production. These durations are used in the simulation analysis of the target shipyard production system.

Table 5. Completion times of the workstations.

Station no.	Station name	Completion time (min)
I1	Edge cutting	190
I2	Edge cleaning and sequencing	203
I3	Panel production	622
I4	Panel cutting	356
I5	Profile spot welding	372
I6	Profile tig welding	414
I7	Section spot welding	501
I8	Section tig welding	660
I9	Grinding	99
I10	Profile cutting	410
I11	Profile bending	350
I12	Nest cutting	653
I13	Pre-fabrication	1080
I14	Jig	1522
I15	Plate bending (press)	1317
I16	Block assembly	2196

3.4. Simulation model (Step 4)

Simulation has a great importance for production companies. In a competitive environment, the changes of the production system and the effects of these changes have a significant meaning from the point of view of company competitiveness.

After creating a simulation model, a considerable number of changes on the simulation model can be performed in order to understand the effects of the changes. In real production systems, making changes to the system is very expensive, and that is why it is mostly impossible to see the effects of changes, such as manpower, and equipment, etc. Under these circumstances, simulation is a very useful tool in terms of determining the effects of changes on the production system.

Simulation has been used in many industries, as it provides a great advantage for the planner. In the shipbuilding industry, it has a great deal of application areas, such as layout, production processes and so on.

In this study, arena simulation was used for the modeling of work flow between stations, because the functions of Arena are very suitable for modeling shipbuilding activities.

The activities can also be modeled easily using the modules of simulation. Figure 3 shows the simulation model of the shipyard production system.

Figure 3. Simulation model of the shipyard production system.

As can be seen from Figure 3 , a large number of modules are used. Table 6 shows the definitions of the modules in Figure 3 .

Table 6. Definition of module numbers.

Module no	Module name	Module no	Module name	Module no	Module name
1	Create 1	29	Assign 13	57	Process of profile bending (I11 station)
2	Process of plate edge cutting (I1 station)	30	Assign 14	58	Assign 27
3	Process of plate edge cleaning	31	Assign 15	59	Seperate 5
4	Separate 1	32	Batch 3	60	Assign 28
5	Assign 1	33	Process of section spot welding (I7 station)	61	Assign 29
6	Assign 2	34	Process of section tig welding (I8 station)	62	Batch 5
7	Assign 3	35	Assign 16	63	Process of pre-fabrication 1
8	Assign 4	36	Assign 17	64	Assign 30
9	Delay 1	37	Process of grinding (I9 station)	65	Seperate 6
10	Process of panel production (I3 station)	38	Batch 4	66	Assign 31
11	Decide 1	39	Assign 18	67	Assign 32
12	Assign 5	40	Create 2	68	Batch 6
13	Assign 6	41	Process of profile cutting (I10 station)	69	Process of pre-fabrication 2
14	Delay 2	42	Assign 19	70	Assign 33
15	Process of panel cutting (I4 station)	43	Separate 2	71	Process of plate bending (I15 station)
16	Decide 2	44	Assign 20	72	Seperate 7
17	Assign 7	45	Decide 4	73	Assign 34
18	Batch 1	46	Separate 3	74	Batch 7
19	Assign 8	47	Assign 21	75	Process of jig (I14 station)
20	Delay 3	48	Assign 22	76	Assign 35
21	Assign 9	49	Create 3	77	Assign 36
22	Assign 10	50	Process of nest cutting (I12 station)	78	Assign 37
23	Batch 2	51	Assign 23	79	Assign 38
24	Assign 11	52	Separate 4	80	Batch 8
25	Assign 12	53	Assign 24	81	Process of block assembling (I16 station)
26	Process of profile spot welding (I5 station)	54	Decide 5	82	Dispose
27	Process of profile tig welding (I6 station)	55	Assign 25
28	Decide 3	56	Assign 26

A description of the modules in the ARENA simulation model are presented in Table 7 .

Table 7. Description of modules.

Module name	Description	Symbol
Create	Describes the arrival time and quantity of the materials entering into the production system.
Process	Describes the work stations in the production system
Assign	Makes assignments the products leaving any work station and it is also used in assembly operations.
Decide	This module orients the products to the work stations where they will go to.
Batch	Used in assembly operations. It combines the products for assembly operation.
Seperate	Divides the main product into sub products. It is usually used for cutting operations.
Dispose	Shows the exit of the production system.

In the simulation process, the modules are created as shown in Figure 3 . For instance, module nos. 2 and 50, which are seen in Figure 3 and Table 6 , are process modules, and represent the process of plate edge cutting (I1) and nest cutting stations, respectively. Furthermore, while module no. 18 is showing a batch module, module no. 43 is depicting a separate module. Table 8 shows the contents of the process module used in this study. While the first column is representing the module numbers in Figure 3 , the second one is showing the module name, and the third column demonstrates model type. In this simulation software, there are two model types; submodel and standard. Here, the model is the standard model. The fourth column represents the logic of the action. In this study, the logic action was deemed to be seize-delay-release. This means that the resource seizes the part and then fabricates. Finally, the resource releases the part so that it can be transferred to other workstations. In the fifth column, the resource name, which is employed in the work station, is indicated. The sixth column shows the number of resources used in the corresponding station. In the seventh column, the type of delay time is presented, which means distributions of workstation completion durations. In this study, the station completion durations were considered constant. In the eighth and ninth columns, the units of station completion durations and values are shown, respectively.

Table 8. Contents of process module.

Module no	Name	Type	Logic action	Resource name	Quantity	Delay type	Units	Value
2	Process of plate edge cutting	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Plasma cutting machine	1	Const.	min	190
3	Process of plate edge cleaning	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Grinding machine	2	Const.	min	203
10	Process of panel production	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Submerged arc welding machine	1	Const.	min	622
15	Process of panel cutting	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Panel cutting machine	1	Const.	min	356
26	Process of profile spot welding	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Profile spot welding machine	1	Const.	min	372
27	Process of profile tig welding	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Automated profile tig welding machine	1	Const.	min	414
33	Process of section spot welding	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Spot welding torches	6	Const.	min	501
34	Process of section tig welding	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Tig welding torches	15	Const.	min	660
37	Process of grinding	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Grinding machines	7	Const.	min	99
41	Process of profile cutting	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Automated profile cutting machine	1	Const.	min	410
50	Process of nest cutting	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Plasma cutting machine	2	Const.	min	350
57	Process of profile bending	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Frame bender machine	1	Const.	min	653
63–69	Process of pre-fabrication 1 and 2.	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Grinding machine, spot and tig welding torches	16, 16, 16	Const.	min	1080
71	Process of plate bending	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Plate bending machine	1	Const.	min	1522
81	Process of block assembling	Standart	Seize-delay-release	Grinding machine, spot and tig welding torches	8, 4, 4	Const.	min	1317

3.5. Machine breakdown scenario (Step 5)

In this section, machine breakdown scenarios have been applied to machines located in some workstations. The machines are described in Table 9 .

Table 9. The machines to be applied breakdown scenarios.

Station	Types of machine
Edge cutting (I1)	CNC controlled plasma cutting machine
Panel production (I3)	CNC controlled submerged welding machine
Panel cutting (I4)	CNC controlled panel cutting machine
Profile spot welding (I5)	CNC controlled profile spot welding machine
Profile tig welding (I6)	CNC contolled tandem profile tig welding machine
Profile cutting (I10)	CNC contolled profile cutting machine
Profile bending (I11)	Profile bending machine (frame bender machine)
Nest cutting (I12)	CNC contolled nest cutting machine
Plate bending (I15)	Plate bending machine

Table 9 shows machines to which breakdown scenarios will be applied. Most machines are CNC controlled, except profile bending and plate bending machines. If one pays attention, it can be seen that no breakdown scenarios were applied to some stations. In this study, the breakdowns of the grinding, tack welding and tig welding tools are not considered because there are auxiliaries of these tools in the shipyard, adn, therefore, they are not critical. Here, the main machines were considered. This is why breakdown scenarios were not applied to some workstations.

In each machine breakdown application, the operation times of the machines have been increased regularly and the critical rates of breakdown, which are defined as the percentage rates which change throughput, have been determined. The operation durations were increased regularly in minutes. For instance, the operation time of the edge cutting station (I1) is 190 min. At first, for example, this operation time is increased to 200 min, and the effect of this enhancement on throughput was determined. If system throughput does not change, the operation time’s enhancement is continued until the system throughput alters. The machine breakdown scenarios applied in this study are shown in Table 10 .

Table 10. The applied machine breakdowns.

Scenario number	Scenario name	Station
1	Machine breakdown	Edge cutting (I1)
2	Machine breakdown	Panel production (I3)
3	Machine breakdown	Panel cutting (I4)
4	Machine breakdown	Profile spot welding (I5)
5	Machine breakdown	Profile tig welding (I6)
6	Machine breakdown	Profile cutting (I10)
7	Machine breakdown	Profile bending (I11)
8	Machine breakdown	Nest cutting (I12)
9	Machine breakdown	Plate bending (I15)

When a machine breakdown occurs in a workstation, the completion time increases naturally. For instance, if a machine breakdown occurs in the nest cutting station, the operation time of the nest cutting machine increases, due to time delay. Therefore, the breakdowns directly affect the operation times of the machines of the workstations.

Here, using simulation, for each work station, time delays that are resulted from machine breakdowns have been added to machine operation time, and the rates of breakdowns which affect system throughput have been determined. It should be reminded that the time delay of each work station will be applied discretely to the production system.

3.6. Determination of critical breakdown rates (Step 6)

The edge cutting station (I1) has a completion time of 190 min without any breakdown. If the rate of 930% time delay occurs in the operational time of the I1 station machine, the system throughput changes. Therefore, the rate of 930% breakdown is regarded as a critical rate. Until this breakdown rate reaches 930%, system throughput does not change. But, if the breakdown rate of 930% is exceeded and completion time of the plate edge cutting station is 760 min, then system throughput changes. Similarly, the same can be discussed for other stations.

As can be seen from Table 11 and Figure 4 , the most critical workstations in terms of breakdown are press bending (I15) and profile cutting (I10) stations. Even in a small time delay that is resulted from machine breakdown, system throughput alters. If the rate of 15% time delay occurs in the operational time of the press bending (I15) station machine, system throughput changes. In the same way, if the rate of 57% time delay occurs in the operational time of the I10 station machine, system throughput changes. So, these two stations are critical and the production planners, firstly, have to consider press bending and profile cutting stations while planning the production process.

Table 11. Effects of the machine breakdowns on the production system.

Breakdown station	Station completion time without breakdown (min)	Rate of time delay (%)	Station completion time (min) (including breakdown)	Throughput (double bottom) (without breakdown)	Throughput (double bottom) (including breakdown)
I1	190	930	760	18	17
I3	622	100	894	18	17
I4	356	160	860	18	17
I5	372	200	929	18	17
I6	414	180	955	18	17
I10	410	57	643	18	17
I11	350	1160	1740	18	17
I12	653	116	840	18	17
I15	1317	15	1500	18	17

Figure 4. The critical rates of machine breakdowns changing the system throughput.

3.7. Suggestions (Step 7)

In this study, the production process of a shipyard was taken and modeled by simulation software. Using the simulation model, some breakdown scenarios were applied and various results were achieved. As a result of this study, the most critical workstations were found to be plate bending (15) and profile cutting (I10) stations, since the rates of critical machine breakdown were lower than the other workstations in the production system.

While the production planners are making schedules, they have to take measures for plate bending (I15) and profile cutting (I10) stations. Maintainance of the plate bending and profile cutting machines must be performed regularly. And also, necessary equipment and spare machine parts have to be available near to the machines.

Apart from the measure mentioned above, additional buffer areas can be separated in front of plate bending (I15) and profile cutting (I10) stations. The products or items of the two critical workstations should be reserved on these additional buffer areas. This is because, if a breakdown occurs in these stations, the products which are reserved in these additional buffer areas can be used. In this way, the target throughput level is achieved.

4. Conclusions

Machine breakdown often takes place in shipyard production systems and cause delays, loss of motivation, money loss and so on. Therefore, the shipyard has to consider machine breakdowns and follow those that are critical for system throughput. In this study, the machines in press and profile stations are found to be critical in terms of breakdown. In other words, if a small delay happens in the machine operation times of press and profile cutting machines, system throughput changes. Therefore, the shipyard production planners must closely check those machines located in press and profile workstations.

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