Does Commuting Affect Health?


== Abstract ==

This paper analyzes the relation between commuting time and health in the United Kingdom. I focus on four different types of health outcomes: subjective health measures, objective health measures, health behavior, and health care utilization. Fixed effect models are estimated with British Household Panel Survey data. I find that whereas objective health and health behavior are barely affected by commuting time, subjective health measures are clearly lower for people who commute longer. A longer commuting time is, moreover, related to more visits to the general practitioner. Effects turn out to be more pronounced for women and for commuters driving a car. For women, commuting time is also negatively related to regular exercise and positively to calling in sick.


== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3199]

* [http://ftp.iza.org/dp9031.pdf http://ftp.iza.org/dp9031.pdf]

* [http://hdl.handle.net/10419/110763 http://hdl.handle.net/10419/110763]

* [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/5417882f-b9f6-4d56-9dc4-745cabb724c7 https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/5417882f-b9f6-4d56-9dc4-745cabb724c7]

* [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/94f4a593-d05d-4b48-b7a0-bb9363087274 https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/94f4a593-d05d-4b48-b7a0-bb9363087274]

* [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/110763/1/dp9031.pdf https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/110763/1/dp9031.pdf]

* [https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fhec.3199 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fhec.3199],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2587597224 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2587597224]

* [https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fhec.3199 https://api.wiley.com/onlinelibrary/tdm/v1/articles/10.1002%2Fhec.3199],
: [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hec.3199 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hec.3199],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.3199] under the license http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1