Abstract

Caffeine is one of the most consumed stimulants in the world, being available in beverages such as coffee, chocolate, tea and energizers. It is a molecule used at the pharmacological level as an analgesic and causes psychostimulant effects related to decreased sleepiness, increased attention, modulation of memory and cognitive performance; In addition, it is recognized for the improvement of sports performance, among others (1). The relationship between sleep and caffeine has been widely investigated, it has been established that this methylxanthine can prolong sleep latency, generate less total sleep time with decreased deep sleep and a parallel increase in light sleep (2). Then, a review is presented that addresses the effect of caffeine on the polysomnographic stages of sleep and on the biological interactions that this substance presents in the adenosine receptors to which it joins; In addition, the genetic variations of these receptors will be taken into account, as possible causes of the changes induced by caffeine in sleep.

Abstract

Opportunistic fungi of the Candida species have been associated with a broad spectrum of human infections with significant morbidity and mortality rates, ranging from superficial skin infections to deep or disseminated candidiasis. To combat this microorganism, antifungals are used, substances capable of specifically attacking fungi. Among them, the most commonly used are azoles, molecules characterized by an azole ring with various substituents, however, there has been widespread resistance to this type of antifungal agents. The objective of this review is to describe the main mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungals in fungal species of the genus Candida.