Abstract

[ES] El trabajo analiza la movilidad en grandes ciudades. Se estudian diferentes medios de transporte y se abordan las medidas adoptadas sobre movilidad compartida, así como cuál ha sido su impacto en cada caso. Se identifican también aquellas características que aportan valor al cliente. Las conclusiones sirven de base para el diseño de una aplicación que permita gestionar los diferentes medios de transporte de movilidad compartida, que sea de fácil uso y reúna las buenas prácticas de empresas que proporcionan servicios de movilidad. [EN] Nowadays, there are many mobility providers available on the market, like for example bike sharing apps, car sharing apps or even the so old and famous taxi cab. This makes people’s life easier and more connected, as now, travelling from one place to another can be easier, less time consuming and more economical than in the past few years. Social life can be enhanced this way, although not everything can be positive when regarding the pollution that transportation generates. As time passes, more and more people are being aware of this issue, so there is a need for sustainable mobility to develop in big cities in the form of car sharing and the increased use of public transport. Car sharing is something that has been going on for many years, not 10 or 20 years ago, but more than 60 years ago, car sharing was starting to get popular in the united states. Not everyone had the privilege of owning a car, and those who owned a car did share the car with, for example workmates and shared the cost of it. Car sharing became more important in the US with the oil crisis, this is were the government incentivised carpooling and started applying measures for the purpose. Nowadays, the problem is not an oil crisis, but immense traffic jams, and air pollution in cities, which translate to a waste of time and health hazards for those living inside those big cities. Governments have realised, that in a long term its even more expensive to treat people with health issues related to bad air quality than to eliminate the pollution that causes them. Therefore recently, governments are making big efforts to improve the air quality, so therefore improve people’s lives. Recent studies determined that for the last 10 years, the tendency for young people is to delay the purchase of a car and use shared mobility, although this kind of new method to travel hasn’t been fully accepted by people over a certain age. The challenge today is to make as much people as possible to acknowledge the benefits of shared mobility, not only regarding to carbon emissions, but also the benefits regarding reduced costs and time of travel. Shared mobility is something that everyone will have present in a few years, nowadays shared mobility is just an option, like for example, mobile phones on the 90’s, but currently, mobile phones are a need, as our daily life relies entirely on them. With shared mobility, something similar may happen, as with time, the need to travel is getting more and more important, so it is essential to give customers what they really want and give our world what it really needs. Lledó Jannone, P. (2019). Estudio de la gestión de la movilidad en grandes ciudades y análisis de los sistemas actuales basados en movilidad compartida. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/144239 TFGM

Abstract

[ES] La disponibilidad creciente de vehículos eléctricos en el mercado propone una nueva alternativa a propietarios de flotas que necesitan adquirir nuevos vehículos, y existe una necesidad de herramientas que apoyen la decisión de electrificar dichas flotas. En el contexto de la planificación de rutas de técnicos en un entorno urbano, muchos parámetros que tienen un impacto en el consumo de energía de los vehículos eléctricos cambian a diario. Por ello, se propone un modelo de simulación basado en agentes para generar diferentes escenarios que puedan proporcionar un enfoque más realista para el cálculo de los costes operacionales de varios grados de implementación de vehículos eléctricos, así como su huella medioambiental en términos de emisiones de CO2. El modelo de simulación propuesto integra una heurística ALNS para resolver el problema operacional de la planificación de rutas de técnicos. Además, el modelo de consumo de energía propuesto incluye un componente auxiliar debido a calefacción o aire acondicionado que no había sido considerado previamente en muchos estudios de optimización. Los resultados obtenidos en un caso proporcionado por una empresa demuestran que la introducción de electromovilidad en la logística urbana ofrece considerables beneficios económicos y medioambientales, aunque quizá el ahorro en costes operacionales no sea suficiente cuando es comparado con la gran diferencia en costes de adquisición. [EN] The growing availability of electric vehicles (EVs) in the market brings a new alternative to fleet managers that need to purchase new vehicles, and there is a need for tools to assess the decision of fleet electrification. In the context of the technician routing in an urban setting, many parameters that have an impact on the energy consumption of EVs change on a daily basis. Because of this, we propose an agent-based simulation model to generate different scenarios that can provide a more realistic approach to the computation of the operational costs of various degrees of EV implementation, as well as the environmental footprint of those fleets in terms of CO2 emissions. Our simulation model integrates an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic to solve the operational technician routing problem. In addition, our energy consumption model includes an auxiliary component due to heating or air conditioning, which had not been included in many optimization studies. Our results on a case study show that the introduction of electro-mobility in urban logistics offers substantial economic and environmental benefits, although operational cost savings may not be enough when compared to the high difference in acquisition costs. Ramírez Martí, D. (2019). Análisis de la sostenibilidad de la electromovilidad para la planificación de rutas de técnicos de servicios. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/142245 TFGM

Abstract

cargo was traditionally considered as a by-product of passenger air transport. However, in the last decade a defined strategy for air cargo has gained a key position in the strategies of most combination airlines, contributing largely to the cash and profit levels of these airlines. The global air cargo industry is nowadays a mature industry with over 60 billion USD in direct revenues. The strategic context is, therefore, far beyond the basic entrepreneurial framework in which an emerging and young industry tends to operate. This chapter aims to gain an enhanced insight into the strategies of airlines that transport cargo, either in the bellies of passenger aircraft or in full-freighter aircraft. A Cluster Analysis generates a typology of seven representative clusters of air cargo operators’ strategy models. The typology proposes a spectrum of strategies for air cargo, ranging from the cluster group “Carpet Sellers” up to the “Cargo Stars” cluster. While the former tend to be the small airlines or all-cargo carriers which barely manage to cover their costs with their revenues, the latter are profitable, very large globally operating airlines that focus on both passengers and cargo with passenger and freighter aircraft. Within this spectrum there are five other main strategy groups: the “Basic Cargo Operators,” the “Strong Regionals,” the “Low Cost Low Yielder,” the “Large Passenger Wide-body Operators,” and the “Premium Cargo Operators.” Our findings suggest the existence of superior strategy models that could be defined as “winning strategies” that differ according to airline size.

Abstract

The thesis addresses the challenges related to management of energy storage with electric vehicles (EVs). Charging of EV batteries is a time-consuming process with the current state of technology and therefore, the process of charging is often coupled with the process of parking. This thesis builds on that assumption and proposes a solution how to design a parking lot with EV charging functionality so that the parking lot operator's profit is maximized while, simultaneously, the need of EV owners for parking and energy is fulfilled. Therefore, this thesis focuses on EV energy storage management through answering the questions when, where, at what price, and how long an EV should park in an EV-enabled parking spot. The original scientific contribution has been achieved as follows: - An energy storage model of electric vehicles realized as a multi-agent system consisting of electric vehicle agents, parking lot agent and electricity market agent. - Algorithms (policies) for managing energy storage based on contextual and technical factors describing electric vehicles and a parking lot, and economic inputs from electricity market. - Evaluation and techno-economic analysis of proposed algorithms for managing energy storage through an agent-based simulation of electric vehicle enabled parking lot. Doktorski se rad bavi izazovima vezanim uz upravljanje skladištenja energije s pomoću električnih vozila (EV-a). Punjenje baterija EV-a trenutno je dugotrajan proces zbog čega se navedeni proces često uparuje s procesom parkiranja. Disertacija koristi navedenu pretpostavku te predlaže rješenje za dizajn parkirališta s uslugom punjenja EV-a na način da je profit operatora parkirališta maksimiziran te da su zadovoljene potrebe vlasnika EV-a vezane uz parkiranje i punjenje. Zbog toga se disertacija fokusira na upravljanje skladištenjem energije s pomoću električnih vozila odgovaranjem na pitanja kada, gdje, po kojoj cijeni i koliko dugo EV-evi moraju parkirati na parkirno mjesto s punjačem. Ostvaren je sljedeći izvorni znanstveni doprinos: -Model skladištenja energije s pomoću električnih vozila, ostvaren kao višeagentski sustav koji se sastoji od agenata električnih vozila, agenta parkirališta i agenta tržišta električne energije. -lgoritmi (pravila) za upravljanje skladištenjem energije zasnovani na kontekstualnim i tehničkim obilježjima električnih vozila i parkirališta te relevantnim ekonomskim podacima s tržišta električne energije. -Evaluacija i tehno-ekonomska analiza predloženih algoritama za upravljanje skladištenjem energije kroz agentsku simulaciju parkirališta s podrškom za električna vozila.

Abstract

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e de Computadores Currently, an increasing bet in electric mobility has been made, particularly in electric vehicles (EV) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV). However, in addition to the high initial costs, the EVs feature a very low autonomy when compared with a traditional car. By charging the batteries of the EV using a renewable energy source, it is possible to make the system virtually emissions-free, since the production of electric power, as well as inexhaustible, is made without the use of fossil fuels (e.g. natural gas and coal). In addition, the benefits to the economy of the country are also evident, since we are contributing to the decrease of importing costs of these fossil fuels. As such, the main objective of this dissertation is the development and implementation of an integrated bi-directional converter (DC-DC and DC-AC) in order to connect an array of photovoltaic panels to the battery pack of an EV and to the power grid. In conventional systems, the electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic panels is injected into the grid and the batteries are charged from the grid. The aim is to develop a more efficient charging method which consists in charging the batteries directly from the PV panels. In this way it is possible to avoid the losses associated with the conversion of energy. The converter will allow the charging of the EV’s batteries directly from the PV panel, that is, without making DC-AC and AC-DC conversions, ensuring that the surplus energy is injected into the power grid. On the other hand, if the solar energy absorbed by the PV panel is insufficient to charge the batteries, the rest of the power needed to charge the batteries will be drawn from the grid. Naturally, if the batteries of the EV are already charged or no EV is connected to the system, all of the energy extracted from the PV panel will be injected into the power grid. Finally, the batteries will be able to deliver part of their stored energy to the power grid. Atualmente, tem vindo a ser feita uma aposta crescente na mobilidade elétrica, nomeadamente nos veículos elétricos (VE) e nos veículos híbridos Plug-in (PHEV). Contudo, para além do custo inicial elevado, os VEs apresentam uma autonomia muito baixa quando comparados com um automóvel tradicional. Ao carregar as baterias do VE através de uma fonte de energia renovável, é possível tornar o sistema virtualmente livre de emissões, uma vez que a produção de energia elétrica, para além de inesgotável, é feita sem o uso de combustíveis fósseis (e.g. gás natural e carvão). Para além disso, as vantagens para a economia do País também são evidentes, uma vez que estamos a contribuir para a diminuição dos gastos na importação dos referidos combustíveis fósseis. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é o desenvolvimento e implementação de um conversor integrado bidirecional (CC-CC e CC-CA) de modo a ligar um array de painéis fotovoltaicos ao pack de baterias de um VE e à rede elétrica. Nos sistemas de carregamento convencionais, a energia elétrica produzida pelos painéis fotovoltaicos é injetada na rede elétrica e as baterias são carregadas a partir da rede. Pretende-se desenvolver um método de carregamento mais eficiente que consiste em carregar as baterias do VE diretamente dos painéis fotovoltaicos. Deste modo, evitam-se as perdas associadas à conversão de energia. O conversor permitirá que as baterias do VE sejam carregadas diretamente do painel fotovoltaico, isto é, sem proceder a conversões de CC-CA e CA-CC, assegurando que a energia excedente é injetada na rede elétrica. Caso a energia solar absorvida pelo painel fotovoltaico seja insuficiente para fazer o carregamento das baterias, estas serão carregadas a partir da rede elétrica. Naturalmente, caso as baterias do VE já se encontrem carregadas ou nenhum VE se encontre ligado ao sistema, toda a energia extraída do painel fotovoltaico será injetada na rede elétrica. Finalmente, as baterias serão capazes de devolver parte da sua energia armazenada à rede elétrica.

Abstract

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Computer Science Technological evolution is impacting several industries, e.g., by allowing them to deliver higher levels of functionality. The automotive industry is an example of how technology is supporting the development of new solutions in vehicle safety and comfort. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are cases of solutions that evolved significantly in recent years. This is possible not only due to the progress of electronic solutions but also because of higher quality in software. The smartphone is an example of this evolution with a broad range of applicability since these devices have been used to develop ADAS, making them an interesting cost-effective platform to develop such systems. Previous research has shown smartphones’ ability to output sensors data with the necessary quality for a broad number of applications with special focus in inertial sensors. However, such studies tend to be difficult to reproduce or lack the desired detail levels of their experimental methods. Concerns about how good are smartphone sensors and their use to develop ADAS emerge when reading existing literature, particularly, how the context of collecting data is controlled and which variables impact the collection process. In order to assess the feasibility of using smartphones as sensing devices, questions arise on how different parts of the collection setup affect the quality of data collected. Motivated by those questions, a study considering four different hypotheses is proposed to assess the impact of a controlled set of variables, namely: brands of inertial sensors, car mounts, sensor sampling rates, and vehicles. A set of controlled experiments is performed to assess the impact of each variable in the collection process of inertial sensors, more precisely the vertical acceleration. To perform the experiments, three special-purpose tools were developed. Smartphones used in the experiments feature an application to collect and export their sensors data. A researcher of an experiment operates another smartphone application to annotate road anomalies found while driving. A desktop application automates the computation and statistical validation of the vertical acceleration correlation from different setups. Dynamic Time Warping was used to compute the correlation coefficient of vertical acceleration as measured by different devices. Results show a baseline correlation coefficient of 0.892 with a standard configuration of software and hardware. When one of the independent variables is changed, the resulting coefficients range from 0.827 to 0.848. Randomization tests were executed to statistically validate experiments results, making use of a Random Shuffle algorithm on surrogate data. Such tests rejected all four proposed null hypotheses regarding dissimilarities on vertical acceleration sensed by different setups. From the controlled experiment a deeper understanding of the variables influencing data collection with smartphones was obtained. Results showed that varying the inertial sensors, car mounts, rates of sampling, or vehicles had a low impact on vertical acceleration sensed by smartphones. This is a good indicator that smartphones can be used to develop ADAS without the need to standardize every part of the collection setup. Thus, it possible to foresee the deployment of a system to a wider audience by taking advantage of existing equipment. A evolução tecnológica está a afectar várias indústrias, por exemplo, ao capacitá-las para fornecer níveis mais elevados de funcionalidade. A indústria automóvel é um exemplo da forma como a tecnologia está a apoiar o desenvolvimento de novas soluções de conforto e segurança automóvel. Os Sistemas Avançados de Assistência ao Condutor – Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) – são casos de soluções que evoluíram significativamente nos últimos anos. Para tal, não só contribuiu o progresso de soluções electrónicas, mas também o aumento de qualidade do software. Os smartphones são um exemplo desta evolução de ampla aplicabilidade, sendo já utilizados para desenvolver ADAS e uma interessante plataforma para desenvolver tais sistemas com baixo custo. Estudos anteriores demostraram a capacidade dos smartphones para fornecer dados de sensores com a qualidade necessária para um grande número de aplicações, com especial foco nos sensores inerciais. No entanto, tais estudos tendem a ser de difícil reprodução ou não possuem o nível de detalhe desejado nos seus métodos experimentais. Questões sobre a qualidade dos sensores dos smartphones e o seu uso para desenvolver ADAS surgem do estudo da literatura existente, particularmente como a recolha de dados pode ser controlada e que variáveis têm impacto nesse processo. Para avaliar a viabilidade do uso de smartphones como dispositivos sensoriais, nascem questões sobre como as diferentes partes do sistema afetam a qualidade dos dados recolhidos por ele. Motivado por essas questões, é proposto o estudo de quatro hipóteses para medir o impacto de um conjunto de variáveis, a saber: sensores inerciais, suportes de telemóvel, taxas de amostragem dos sensores, e veículos. Experiências controladas são realizadas para estudar o impacto de cada variável no processo de recolha de dados de sensores, mais precisamente a aceleração vertical. Foram desenvolvidas três ferramentas de software para a realização das experiências. Os smartphones usados possuem uma aplicação para recolher e exportar os dados dos seus sensores. Durante a experiência, um investigador utiliza outra aplicação de smartphone para anotar as anomalias da estrada encontradas durante a condução. Uma aplicação de desktop automatiza a computação e validação estatistica da correlação da aceleração vertical medida por diferentes dispositivos. O coeficiente de correlação da aceleração vertical medida por diferentes dispositivos fez-se usando o algoritmo Dynamic Time Warping. Os resultados mostram um coeficiente de 0.892 com uma configuração padrão de software e hardware, que serve como base de análise. Quando uma das variáveis independentes é alterada, os coeficientes resultantes variam entre 0.827 e 0.848. Testes de permutação foram executados para validar estatisticamente os resultados experimentais, usando o algoritmo Random Shuffle sobre dados substitutos. Esses testes rejeitaram as quatro hipóteses nulas relativas à diferença de aceleração vertical detetada por diferentes dispositivos. A partir das experiências obteve-se uma compreensão aprofundada das variáveis que influenciam a coleção de dados com smartphones. Os resultados mostram que variar os sensores inerciais, suportes de telemóvel, taxas de amostragem, e veículos tem baixo impacto na aceleração vertical detetada. Isto indica que estes dispositivos podem ser usados para desenvolver ADAS sem a necessidade de padronizar cada peça da recolha de dados. Assim, é possível antever o desenvolvimento de um sistema para um público mais amplo, tirando partido de equipamentos já existentes.

Abstract

[EN] In this thesis, an “Anxiety Model” is developed, by simulating EV driver´s charging decision under different degrees of anxiety, to give a more accurate prediction of where charging events are most likely to happen. [ES] En esta tesis se desarrolla un Modelo de Ansiedad, mediante la simulación de la decisión de carga del conductor del vehículo electrónico, EV. Se proponen diferentes grados de ansiedad, para hacer una predicción más exacta de donde se produjeron los eventos de carga con mayor probabilidad. Zhou, L. (2014). Modeling of ev (electric vehicles) charging station locations. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/59789 Archivo delegado

Abstract

Increasing population in urban areas necessitates increasing levels of mix and modes of transportation, roads, land use, which all lead to pollution and waste of all sorts. Usu- ally longer, wider and larger urban and interurban roads for motorized vehicles lead to further increases in number of cars with fewer, usually single, people in them, forming an unavoidable basis of an unsustainable society and mobility. In order to achieve sus- tainable cities and economies, in addition to smart use of land, intelligent transportation systems, clean and green vehicles, it is vital to achieve social behavioral change for shift- ing our modes of mobility from motorized means to cleaner, greener, healthier and more economic means such as walking, cycling, and public transportation. Economic, environ- mental, and social concerns about growth of traffic and congestion have caused several mega cities in the world and academics towards the investigations and introduction of different policies and measures in urban areas. Among many policy options, Travel De- mand Management (TDM) policies mainly aim to promote the sustainable modes and to increase an effective use of existing infrastructure by voluntarily controlling the de- mand. With such circumstances, the objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to review existing academic, industrial, governmental and non-governmental literature to examine and understand various sustainable society, sustainable development, sustainable mobil- ity concepts, mechanisms and policies developed and tested in other parts of the world; (2) to establish a framework of social behavioral change policies particularly developed and tested for urban mobility and traffic; (3) to compare various mega-cities on different indicators to better understand the case of Istanbul; (4) to evaluate potentials of TDM policies in Istanbul as well as to find out traffic congestion perception of the residents by conducting face-to-face surveys; (5) to determine current conditions of traffic congestion in Istanbul for the projections of traffic conditions in the coming years of 2018 and 2023, with the help of determined potentials from the survey results under different scenarios by using a micro simulation program PTV VISSIM. As a result of this study, it was revealed that the traffic conditions in Istanbul tend to become worse year by year, but it was also seen that the TDM policies offers noteworthy potential for increased use of sustainable mobility modes and to help significantly reducing congestion levels.