Libro blanco de sostenibilidad en los materiales compuestos

La prioridad durante los últimos 40 años en el área de materiales compuestos ha sido:

El desarrollo de nuevos materiales estructurales
Aplicaciones estructurales en diversas industrias
Desarrollo de tecnologías de fabricación
Nuevos métodos de cálculo y diseño
Métodos de inspección y control de calidad

Nunca se ha considerado la gestión de desechos de fabricación, final del tiempo de vida de la estructura o circularidad de los materiales ... show more

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Organismos y empresas colaboradoras
libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 58
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CAPÍTULO 1: MOTIVACIÓN
J. Sanchez, A. Güemes

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 57
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CAPÍTULO 2: ÁMBITO DE ESTUDIO Y APLICACIÓN
J. Sanchez

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 56
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CAPÍTULO 3: SITUACIÓN DE LOS MATERIALES COMPUESTOS EN ESPAÑA
I. Idareta, N. Salmerón, T. Blanco, E. Guerra, M. Cerdeira, S. Díaz, L. Iniesta

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 55

Abstract
Composite materials play a very relevant role in various sectors, thanks to the lightweighting they can accomplish. Their implementation has been steadily increasing in recent decades, accompanied by the development of processes and equipment that facilitate and optimize their implementation. Spain is one of the leading European countries in the implementation of these materials and technologies, with leading companies and research centers both in terms of application and technological innovation, which continue to work on expanding the use of composites and advancing their sustainability.
Abstract
Composite materials play a very relevant role in various sectors, thanks to the lightweighting they can accomplish. Their implementation has been steadily increasing in recent [...]
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CAPÍTULO 4: METODOLOGÍA DE EVALUACIÓN DE CICLO DE VIDA
E. Tellechea, M. Lasheras, I. Landa, U. Larraya

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 54

Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of composite materials is the use of a systematic approach to assess environmental impacts throughout all stages of the life cycle. This methodology includes defining the objectives and scope of the study, data collection, impact assessment and interpretation of results. This chapter presents the specific considerations for the LCA of composite materials, analyzing related works on this topic. It is concluded that most of the work published to date uses LCA as a tool for comparative studies between traditional solutions (mostly metallic structures) and lightweight composite solutions. The authors observe that there has also been an increase in the use of green or bio-based composites in the recent years, made from natural fibers and/or resins.
Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of composite materials is the use of a systematic approach to assess environmental impacts throughout all stages of the life cycle. This methodology [...]
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CAPÍTULO 5: IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS COMPOSITES PARA SU RECICLADO
X. Sánchez-Romate, M. Martínez

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 53
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CAPÍTULO 6: GESTIÓN DE LOS MATERIALES COMPUESTOS EN FIN DE USO: SITUACIÓN ACTUAL
A. Chiminelli, M. Lizaranzu, C. Crespo

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 52

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of the current situation in Spain, in relation to Europe and the world, regarding the treatment of composite materials and their constituents at the end of their life cycle. Such treatment may include landfill disposal, energy recovery (incineration), recycling or recovery of materials as raw materials for the same or other uses, or the reuse or repurposing at the component or subcomponent level. These pathways or processes, along with associated developments and research, are described in greater depth in subsequent sections, while this section provides a general, combined, and particularized review, as much as possible, of the Spanish case. The chapter covers three main areas: a general framework, a section on initiatives and services offered by private companies, and a section on the activities of groups, centers, and entities within the R&D sector. Issues related to legislation, including waste classification, are presented in a specific chapter dedicated to this topic.
Abstract
This chapter presents a review of the current situation in Spain, in relation to Europe and the world, regarding the treatment of composite materials and their constituents [...]
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CAPÍTULO 7: TECNOLOGÍAS DE RECICLADO Y RECUPERACIÓN DE FIBRAS DE CARBONO Y VIDRIO POR PIRÓLISIS
O. Largo, F. A.López

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 51

Abstract
Of all the recycling technologies available for recycling fiber-reinforced composite materials, pyrolysis is one of the most frequently used. This technology allows the recovery of long fibers with good mechanical properties in addition to reusing the resin in the form of energy. This chapter describes this technology, including some variations of it, such as microwave-assisted pyrolysis. It can be concluded that pyrolysis is a suitable technology for the recovery of long fibers, maintaining between 70-95% of their initial mechanical properties. Furthermore, pyrolysis applied to reinforced composites is a technology currently used at an industrial level, both in Europe and in Spain.
Abstract
Of all the recycling technologies available for recycling fiber-reinforced composite materials, pyrolysis is one of the most frequently used. This technology allows the recovery [...]
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CAPÍTULO 8: REVALORIZACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS DE PIRÓLISIS
A. Lopez-Urionabarrenechea, A. Serras-Malillos, N. Gastelu, B. Perez-Martinez, E. Acha, B. Caballero, I. Marco

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 50

Abstract
This chapter describes the physical-chemical properties and market options of pyrolysis oils and pyrolysis gases coming from residual fiber-reinforced plastic materials. The description focuses on the pyrolysis products generated from the two predominant types of resin in these materials, i.e. epoxy and unsaturated polyester, from both production and end-of-life waste. Pyrolysis oils and gases have two potential industrial applications: the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, and the alternative fuels market, namely, refuse derived fuels (RDF). However, it can be observed throughout the chapter that the physical-chemical properties of these two products are far from the standards currently required by the industry. Finally, the state of the art of the research on the optimization possibilities of these products is presented, highlighting a successful case where the oils are eliminated and hydrogen-rich gases are generated, increasing the economic profitability of the pyrolysis processes applied to this kind of waste.
Abstract
This chapter describes the physical-chemical properties and market options of pyrolysis oils and pyrolysis gases coming from residual fiber-reinforced plastic materials. The [...]
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CAPÍTULO 9: SOLVÓLISIS Y RECICLADO BIOLOGICO DE COMPOSITES. OBTENCIÓN DE MATERIAS PRIMAS
P. Aguar, N. Miazza

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 49

Abstract
This chapter analyses the chemical recycling technique by solvolysis and by biological recycling, explaining that it involves breaking the polymer chain by using reactive solvents, temperature, catalysts, and pressure in the first case, and enzymes and microorganisms in the second. The situation of both technologies is shown, i.e. the operating parameters found in the literature for each type of polymer. In the case of solvolysis, the companies that are currently commercializing this technology are listed; there are still no companies for the case of biological recycling as its technology readiness level (TRL) is lower than for solvolysis. The chapter ends with recommendations for future developments for both types of solvolysis.
Abstract
This chapter analyses the chemical recycling technique by solvolysis and by biological recycling, explaining that it involves breaking the polymer chain by using reactive [...]
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CAPÍTULO 10: RECICLADO MECÁNICO DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS
S. Prolongo, A. Suárez

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 48

Abstract
The mechanical recycling of long-fiber composite materials is presented as an alternative of greater technological simplicity as well as low energy consumption, emission of pollutants and use of solvents, which places it in an advantageous position from the point of view of environmental sustainability. However, the products obtained are short-fibered, which reduces their mechanical reinforcement capacity, and have been used mainly as fillers for cementitious, asphalt and thermoplastic matrices. The technologies used to reduce the size of the initial pieces substantially influence the characteristics of the final product obtained, especially if they are to be used for functional purposes in terms of electrical or thermal properties. In addition, the fibers obtained have a proportion of resin from the initial composite material, so the subsequent treatment processes of these fibers, both physical and chemical, can affect the amount of final resin present in the product, its agglomeration or its surface characteristics. The current challenges for these products is to find processes that allow a better quality and greater uniformity of the final properties of the short fiber, so that the products obtained present a greater added value, which allows them to compete with other current discontinuous reinforcements.
Abstract
The mechanical recycling of long-fiber composite materials is presented as an alternative of greater technological simplicity as well as low energy consumption, emission of [...]
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CHAPTER 11: TECHNOLOGIES DESTINED FOR THE REUSE OF RECYCLED SHORT GLASS AND CARBON FIBERS
J. Navarro, L. Quiles, B. Bas, I. Domenech

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 47

Abstract
En este capítulo se describen las diferentes estrategias de reutilización que se pueden llevar a cabo con los materiales compuestos con matrices poliméricas una vez pasados por los centros de reciclaje actualmente disponibles a escala industrial. El trabajo describe cómo, dependiendo de la naturaleza tanto de las matrices como de las fibras de refuerzo, la reutilización de este tipo de fibras debe estar dirigida hacía un tipo de procesos u otros y cómo, mediante la variación de las tecnologías, es posible dar lugar a productos con una mayor o menor orientación de las fibras. De la misma manera, el capítulo analiza algunos de los procesos de fabricación de materiales compuestos, que pueden afectar a la longitud de las fibras y por lo tanto modificar las propiedades del material final. De esta forma, se describen las diferentes tecnologías actualmente disponibles y en proceso de desarrollo en España para poder dar una nueva vida a las fibras de carbono y de vidrio, orientadas a retener la mayor parte de su valor añadido y propiedades, como son: reutilización en materiales compuestos termoestables, reutilización como refuerzo en materiales compuestos termoplásticos, reprocesado de la fibra (estructuras de fibra tejidas o no tejidas), reciclado de fibras que todavía estén embebidas, reciclajes específicos según la naturaleza de la fibra. A lo largo del texto se van recogiendo algunos de los proyectos liderados por entidades españolas con mayor relevancia en el desarrollo de las diferentes tecnologías y, además, al final del mismo se remarcan esos mismos proyectos y otros más en los que se destaca el trabajo realizado por centros, universidades y empresas españolas en el campo de la reutilización y reciclaje de fibras de carbono y de vidrio.
Abstract
En este capítulo se describen las diferentes estrategias de reutilización que se pueden llevar a cabo con los materiales compuestos con matrices poliméricas [...]
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CAPÍTULO 12: REDUCCIÓN DE RESIDUOS EN PRODUCCIÓN Y REUTILIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES
L. Coronado, I. Raboso

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 46

Abstract
The efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle scrap derived from manufacturing processes with composite materials are significantly increasing in all those sectors making use of such materials in their production systems. The rising commitment with the environmental cause and the everyday stricter regulation in terms of waste management has led to launching new initiatives to minimize the environmental impact of composite materials and derived components manufacturing. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to provide several examples of optimization initiatives in the use of composite materials and, consequently, the reduction and reuse of waste in production environments in the aeronautical sector, having Airbus as a reference where, according to the available pre-pandemic data, 61% of the scrap corresponds to uncured material whereas 39% refers to cured waste.
Abstract
The efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle scrap derived from manufacturing processes with composite materials are significantly increasing in all those sectors making use of [...]
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CAPÍTULO 13: GESTIÓN DE RESIDUO Y TECNOLOGÍAS DE REUSOS DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS NO POLIMERIZADOS
N. Martín, Á. Casanova

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 45

Abstract
This chapter addresses two relevant challenges to enforce in a manufacturing plant where carbon fiber prepreg is used as raw material for the manufacture of aeronautical parts. The first challenge is the segregation of fresh production waste, where the resin is fresh and has a big potential for being used as material for other applications. This chapter described a proposal for the collection of this highly valuable material in a pilot plant where aircraft stabilizers are manufactured. This second challenge addresses solutions for the reprocessing of waste material discarded during the manufacturing of carbon parts. Hereafter is described the preparation of new materials or by-products, which can be reincorporated into the production system of other composite material parts.
Abstract
This chapter addresses two relevant challenges to enforce in a manufacturing plant where carbon fiber prepreg is used as raw material for the manufacture of aeronautical parts. [...]
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CAPÍTULO 14: REUTILIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS POLIMERIZADOS
J. Fernández de la Puente Calvo, J. J.Planche

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 44

Abstract
Spain, holding a prominent position in Europe's composites industry and notably in aviation composites, faces significant waste management challenges within its 500-strong composite company sector. As it shifts towards the Circular Economy to enhance competitiveness and resource efficiency, Spain adheres to the EU's waste hierarchy, emphasizing the critical need for waste minimization and the reuse of materials. This transition is particularly vital given the environmental impact of disposing of polymer-matrix composites, especially cured composites, with Europe generating roughly 400,000 tonnes of thermoset composite waste annually, a substantial portion of which is from Spain. This study delves into the reuse and repurposing of polymer composites, promoting their integration within the Circular Economy to preserve material integrity and value. It showcases innovative repurposing projects in Spain and across Europe, such as transforming wind turbine blades into materials for construction, which demonstrates the feasibility of extending these materials' lifecycles. These efforts align with sustainability goals aimed at waste reduction and resource conservation. However, challenges persist, including matching waste volume and condition with market demands and scaling these practices effectively. The concept of structural re-use, turning cured composite waste into high-value, reusable products, highlights the potential of merging reuse and recycling strategies. Innovative approaches to reuse not only mitigate sustainability challenges but also foster economically viable solutions, marking a significant stride towards sustainable and efficient resource utilization in the composites sector.
Abstract
Spain, holding a prominent position in Europe's composites industry and notably in aviation composites, faces significant waste management challenges within its 500-strong [...]
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CAPÍTULO 15: REUTILIZACIÓN DE FIBRAS Y RESINAS EN ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES. PROPUESTAS DE USO EN DISTINTAS INDUSTRIAS: PROPUESTAS PRELIMINARES DE USO
R. Vera

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 43

Abstract
One of the main problems of composite recyclability, is to find applications with a positive business case and technically viable. In order to determine possibilities, it is necessary, first, to analyze mechanical properties of materials as well as today available manufacturing processes with this type of products.
Abstract
One of the main problems of composite recyclability, is to find applications with a positive business case and technically viable. In order to determine possibilities, it [...]
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CAPÍTULO 16: BIO-MONÓMEROS Y BIO-RESINAS TERMOESTABLES
S. Prolongo, A. Suárez

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 42

Abstract
Thermosetting resins, especially epoxy resins, have historically been based on petroleum-derived monomers, posing problems of toxicity, high costs, and dependence on non-renewable resources. This chapter presents the use of natural plant sources to develop more sustainable resin precursors. The synthesis of bio-epoxy monomers from vegetable oils, polysaccharides, lignin, polyphenols, and natural resins is currently the subject of interest in several research projects and scientific papers, in some cases reaching the level of product commercialization. Vegetable oils, such as linseed and soybean, and the transformation of saccharides into epoxy monomers are examples of explored options. Naturally occurring epoxy monomers derived from polyphenols from various plant sources can also be found, although their epoxidation requires the use of toxic compounds such as epichlorohydrin. Several natural sources, such as natural rubber, resin acids, and lignin are examined as alternatives to synthesize epoxy resins of natural origin. Leutelin, recently identified in fruits and medicinal herbs, is highlighted as a promising compound to produce bioepoxy monomers. Although initially the research focused mostly on the development of monomers of natural origin, research also extends to hardeners of natural origin, highlighting the synthesis of amines from vanillin and curing agents based on phenalkamines. The development of hardeners with reversible bonds, such as lignin imines, is also being explored, and the catalytic effect of hemp fibers in the curing of epoxy resins is highlighted. The combination with traditional monomers or the development of recyclable resins and vitrimers with reversible bonds are current fields of interest for the development of these resins, especially in the context of their competitors of petrochemical origin.
Abstract
Thermosetting resins, especially epoxy resins, have historically been based on petroleum-derived monomers, posing problems of toxicity, high costs, and dependence on non-renewable [...]
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CAPÍTULO 17: VITRIMEROS
N. Markaide, A. Ruiz

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 41

Abstract
The development of recyclable plastics is a key focus of research in the current world due to its environmental issues and concerns about non-renewability. Recently, vitrimeric materials have garnered significant attention as an exciting class of renewable plastics due to their potential to exhibit strength, durability, and chemical resistance approaching that of traditional thermosetting plastics, while also demonstrating recyclability at the end of their lifespan. This is attributed to their chemical structure, as vitrimers possess dynamic covalent crosslinking, providing them with stability while being reprocessable. This review summarizes the latest advancements and prospects in the development of vitrimeric materials. Special emphasis is placed on vitrimer design strategies that pave the way for the development of next-generation circular materials. The emerging applications of vitrimers are also discussed in terms of their properties, including self-repair, malleability, processability, and multiple shape memory.
Abstract
The development of recyclable plastics is a key focus of research in the current world due to its environmental issues and concerns about non-renewability. Recently, vitrimeric [...]
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CAPÍTULO 18: RESINAS TERMOPLÁSTICAS REACTIVAS
. C.Elizetxea, . S.García-Arrieta, A. Calle, M. Manchado, R. Márquez, A. Bethencourt

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 39

Abstract
One of the main challenges currently faced by the composite materials sector is to ensure its sustainability, both at the level of the raw materials used, the production means necessary for its transformation, as well as its management and treatment. at the end of its useful life. Especially critical is the situation of thermostable composite materials, widely used in structural applications due to their excellent performance/weight ratio. There are different fields of research, oriented towards the search for more sustainable alternatives for these matrices so that these high mechanical performances continue to be guaranteed and that they can be transformed by conventional manufacturing processes. Reactive thermoplastic resins are a sustainable alternative for the manufacture of recyclable, weldable and processable structural composite components by conventional manufacturing technologies (Infusion, RTM. Pultrusion, Fillament Winding)
Abstract
One of the main challenges currently faced by the composite materials sector is to ensure its sustainability, both at the level of the raw materials used, the production means [...]
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CAPÍTULO 19: MATERIALES COMPUESTOS DE FIBRAS NATURALES
A. Morales, A. López, A. Güemes

libro-blanco-materiales-compuestos (2024). 38

Abstract
This technical report addresses the study of composite materials with natural fibers as reinforcement. The properties, applications and manufacturing processes of these materials are explored, highlighting their relevance in various industries. The environmental and sustainable benefits associated with the use of natural fibers instead of traditional materials are analyzed, as well as the current issues to overcome.
Abstract
This technical report addresses the study of composite materials with natural fibers as reinforcement. The properties, applications and manufacturing processes of these materials [...]
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Organismos y empresas colaboradoras

CAPÍTULO 1: MOTIVACIÓN

CAPÍTULO 2: ÁMBITO DE ESTUDIO Y APLICACIÓN

CAPÍTULO 3: SITUACIÓN DE LOS MATERIALES COMPUESTOS EN ESPAÑA

CAPÍTULO 4: METODOLOGÍA DE EVALUACIÓN DE CICLO DE VIDA

CAPÍTULO 5: IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LOS COMPOSITES PARA SU RECICLADO

CAPÍTULO 6: GESTIÓN DE LOS MATERIALES COMPUESTOS EN FIN DE USO: SITUACIÓN ACTUAL

CAPÍTULO 7: TECNOLOGÍAS DE RECICLADO Y RECUPERACIÓN DE FIBRAS DE CARBONO Y VIDRIO POR PIRÓLISIS

CAPÍTULO 8: REVALORIZACIÓN DE PRODUCTOS DE PIRÓLISIS

CAPÍTULO 9: SOLVÓLISIS Y RECICLADO BIOLOGICO DE COMPOSITES. OBTENCIÓN DE MATERIAS PRIMAS

CAPÍTULO 10: RECICLADO MECÁNICO DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS

CHAPTER 11: TECHNOLOGIES DESTINED FOR THE REUSE OF RECYCLED SHORT GLASS AND CARBON FIBERS

CAPÍTULO 12: REDUCCIÓN DE RESIDUOS EN PRODUCCIÓN Y REUTILIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES

CAPÍTULO 13: GESTIÓN DE RESIDUO Y TECNOLOGÍAS DE REUSOS DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS NO POLIMERIZADOS

CAPÍTULO 14: REUTILIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES COMPUESTOS POLIMERIZADOS

CAPÍTULO 15: REUTILIZACIÓN DE FIBRAS Y RESINAS EN ELEMENTOS ESTRUCTURALES. PROPUESTAS DE USO EN DISTINTAS INDUSTRIAS: PROPUESTAS PRELIMINARES DE USO

CAPÍTULO 16: BIO-MONÓMEROS Y BIO-RESINAS TERMOESTABLES

CAPÍTULO 17: VITRIMEROS

CAPÍTULO 18: RESINAS TERMOPLÁSTICAS REACTIVAS

CAPÍTULO 19: MATERIALES COMPUESTOS DE FIBRAS NATURALES

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Martinez, Xavier 1970

SANCHEZ GOMEZ, JOSE 71

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