Documents published in 2019 : Scipedia

SIMWESTMED - Interactions between uses, between uses and environment, including cumulative impacts. Review of evaluation methods carried out in France, Spain and Italy - Western Mediterranean Sea (R18)
A. Gimard, F. Quemmerais, N. Alloncle, F. Bliard, G. Farella, A. Sarretta, A. Barbanti, S. Menegon, N. Bassan, E. Gissi, E. Manea, F. Musco, C. Murciano, A. Lloret, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Campillos-Llanos, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, D. Carval, S. Loyer, P. Meyer, S. Reux, O. Giret, C. Moirano

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 43

Abstract
Component:1.3.4. Tools and methods supporting MSP process Sub-component: 1.3.4.1 Interactions between uses and between uses and environment, including cumulative impacts. - Interactions between uses, between uses and environment, including cumulative impacts. Review of evaluation methods carried out in France, Spain and Italy - Western Mediterranean Sea MSP as a process, must be based on a strong and shared knowledge of planned areas. Distribution of each activities and there needs have to be evaluated as well as location of species and habitats, associated with a good comprehension of ecosystems functionalities. Moreover, the understanding of how human and ecological components of the system interact is crucial. This concerns both interaction between various maritime uses (conflict or synergies) and between uses and environment (pressures and impacts). Here, we focus on approaches seeking to evaluate and map effects of human activities in marine ecosystems. Various tools and approaches have been developed throughout the world to do so. Their use as source of information to feed MSP is a ongoing question. This report aims to detail and compare the mains characteristics of the tools developed in SIMWESTMED countries. A better comprehension of divergence between approaches is a step toward an increased transboundary coherence for MSP processes. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component:1.3.4. Tools and methods supporting MSP process Sub-component: 1.3.4.1 Interactions between uses and between uses and environment, including cumulative impacts. [...]
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SIMWESTMED - Gulf of Lion case study - Mapping exposure risk of marine megafauna to concomitant pressures (R22)
C. Delleau, F. Bliard, F. Quemmerais-Amice, C. Murciano, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Campillos-Llanos, A. Lloret, P. Punzón, J. Grassa, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, A. Gimard, N. Alloncle

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 42

Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation Deliverable: Gulf of Lion Case Study The SIMWESTMED project includes a case study dedicated to the cumulative effects assessment of anthropogenic pressures on the marine environment. This case study seeks to explore tools, methods and data to assess environmental effects of maritime uses in the context of MSP and transboundary issues. In this context it was chosen to work on marine mammals and seabirds and on the most relevant anthropogenic pressures in terms of the likely effects on these communities and in terms of spatial planning issues. The objectives of the case study are to share datasets between partners and to facilitate the comparison of these datasets using a common grid, while also integrating them in a cumulative pressures assessment tool in order highlight the exposure risk of marine megafauna to concomitant pressures and to compare the results depending on the datasets used. Consequently of the approach regarding cumulative effects, this work is also going to be a transboundary exercise between institutions from Spain and France. Sharing data, exchanges about methodologies in place in each country, comparison and working on a common and transboundary area are topics which are going to be described. Implementation of MSP is described as transboundary and this exercise can be a supporting experiment and provide lessons learned to improve the Ecosystem Based Assessment and cooperation between planners. This Report can be considered as an unofficial general framework, indicating possibilities for a crossborder cooperation that could be used as an initial input for the future formal initiatives relevant for the cross‐border MSP. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation [...]
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An urban consolidation center in the city of Copenhagen
W. van Heeswijk, R. Larsen, A. Larsen

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 41

Abstract
Urban consolidation centers (UCCs) have a key role in many initiatives in urban logistics, yet few of them are successful in the long run. The high costs have proven a barrier that prevents attracting a sufficient high number of UCC users. In this paper, we study how the user base of a UCC develops under a variety of administrative policies. We perform an agent-based simulation applied to the city of Copenhagen, making use of its real street network and retailer locations. We collect data from a variety of sources to help modeling the agents. Both the data and case setup are validated by means of expert interviews. We test 1,458 schemes that combine several administrative measures and cost settings. The numerical results indicate that most schemes yield significant environmental benefits; many of them are able to reduce the truck kilometers driven by about 65% and emissions by about 70%. The key challenge isto identify schemes that are also financially sustainable. We show that it is essential for the UCC to ensure the commitment of carriers as soon as possible, as the bulk of the revenue can be generated from this target group. Subsequent revenues may be generated by offering value-adding services to receivers. Based on the numerical experiments, we pose various propositions that aid in providing favorable conditions for a UCC, improving its chances of long-term success. Document type: Article
Abstract
Urban consolidation centers (UCCs) have a key role in many initiatives in urban logistics, yet few of them are successful in the long run. The high costs have proven a barrier [...]
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SIMNORAT - Taking Marine Protected Areas into account in the context of Maritime Spatial Planning (D9)
A. De Magalhaes, N. Alloncle, M. Campillos-Llanos, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, M. Marques, L. Sousa, A. Quintela, F. Lopes Alves

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 40

Abstract
Component 1.3.2 – Spatial demands and future trends for maritime sectors and marine conservation C1.3.2 Marine protected area took into account in the context of marine spatial planning Comprehensive review of MPA policies: in the SIMNORAT area, over 30 different MPA categories have been identified, coming from international, European or national regulations. MPA landscape is therefore complex since each of these categories could have different objectives (from strict conservation to sustainable development) and management processes. The review carried out through SIMNORAT aimed to better inform planners on each MPA category to facilitate integration of MPA policies within MSP process. Several key questions were driving the study: what objectives does the MPA pursue? how is it managed? what kind of regulation is implemented? to which sector are the regulations addressed? what is the management body? Are stakeholders involved in the governance? This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component 1.3.2 – Spatial demands and future trends for maritime sectors and marine conservation C1.3.2 Marine protected area took into account in the context of marine [...]
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NEW EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: Linear Cutting Machine Tests on Microwave-Irradiated Granodiorite
S. Arora, R. Kaunda

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 38

Abstract
UTC-UTI Final Research Report 001: "NEW EXCAVATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION: Linear Cutting Machine Tests on Microwave-Irradiated Granodiorite"
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SIMNORAT - Most appropriate geographical scale for MSP at national scale (D7)
J. Dilasser, M. Ganne, P. Sala, C. Cervera-Nuñez, L. Sousa, A. Quintela, M. Marques, A. Silva, F. Alves, M. Campillos-Llanos, M. Gómez- Ballesteros, N. Alloncle

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 36

Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.5 Most appropriate geographical scale for MSP at national scale A specific task on the definition of the most appropriate scale for MSP plan at national scale in order to support Member States to approach at best the scale and boundaries of these plans was conducted. The scale issue is particularly of concern for the MSP directive implementation process and its transboundary issues: what is the most appropriate scale for their MSP plans? Do they have to define different plans based on different geographical scales? If so, what would be their articulation? If not, for instance, is it enough to carry out the plan at national or marine basin scale with some focus areas? Moreover, what would be the plan boundaries once the scale is defined? The report consists in the proposition of overall criteria and guiding principles, based on a literature review and the construction of an analysis framework. The latter, at an early stage of development, was designed to help decision makers and planners having a better insight in how they situate themselves in relation to the highlighted criteria and guiding principles. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: [...]
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SIMNORAT - Coordination of sectorial policies (D5)
M. M., A. Quintela, L. Sousa, A. Silva, F. Alves, J. Dilasser, M. Ganne, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Campillos-Llanos, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, N. Alloncle, O. Giret

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 34

Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.3 Coordination of sectorial policies Several policy instruments available draw the legal framework of the MSP, namely the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Espoo Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. There is a significant variance in the methodologies, orientations, tools, goals and objectives among all European countries and MSP initiatives. A transboundary approach requires looking to the overall national policies of the countries involved regarding environmental conservation priorities and the priorities concerning economic development. The report provides key principles to enhance coordination and success of sectorial policies and recommendations for the MSP process. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: [...]
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REAL-TIME FLOW HOMOGENIZATION OF VARIOUS FLUIDS IN PIPELINES. POSSIBLE USE CASES OF DYNAMIC HOMOGENIZATION TECHNOLOGIES IN FUEL SYSTEMS OF THERMODYNAMIC EQUIPMENT
Y. Zharkov

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 33
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Motor Vehicle Density and Air Pollution in Greater Cairo : Fuel Subsidy Removal and Metro Line Extension and Their Effect on Congestion and Pollution
M. Heger, D. Wheeler, G. Zens, C. Meisner

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 32

Abstract
This report answers two questions: What is the statistical relationship between vehicle density in the streets of Greater Cairo and ambient air pollution in the city? And what are the effects of—one, the opening in recent years of another metro line and an extension to it, and two, the recent increases in fuel prices—on vehicle density and ambient air pollution?
Abstract
This report answers two questions: What is the statistical relationship between vehicle density in the streets of Greater Cairo and ambient air pollution in the city? And [...]
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Identification of potential off-grid municipalities with 100% renewable energy supply
J. Weinand, S. Ried, M. Kleinebrahm, R. McKenna, W. Fichtner

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 20

Abstract
n increasing number of municipalities are striving for energy autonomy. This study determines in which municipalities and at what additional cost energy autonomy is feasible for a case study of Germany. An existing municipal energy system optimization model is extended to include the personal transport, industrial and commercial sectors. A machine learning approach identifies a regression model among 19 methods, which is best suited for the transfer of individual optimization results to all municipalities. The resulting levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from the optimization of 15 case studies are transferred using a stepwise linear regression model. The regression model shows a mean absolute percentage error of 12.5%. The study demonstrates that energy autonomy is technically feasible in 6,314 (56%) municipalities. Thereby, the LCOEs increase in the autonomous case on average by 0.41 €/kWh compared to the minimum cost scenario. Apart from energy demand, base-load-capable bioenergy and deep geothermal energy appear to have the greatest influence on the LCOEs. This study represents a starting point for defining possible scenarios in studies of future national energy system or transmission grid expansion planning, which for the first time consider completely energy autonomous municipalities.
Abstract
n increasing number of municipalities are striving for energy autonomy. This study determines in which municipalities and at what additional cost energy autonomy is feasible [...]
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SIMWESTMED - Case Study #4 Strait of Sicily – Malta Part II – Regulating Maritime Uses (R24)
M. Borg

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 31

Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation Deliverable: Gulf of Lion Case Study Directive 2014/89/EU does not define how MSP plans are to be implemented. With an MSP plan setting a strategic framework for marine waters up to 25nm already in place in Malta, and in the absence of more detailed subsidiary plans, its implementation is primarily through regulation of project proposals for development at sea. Malta’s governance structure for MSP is in its early stages and affecting MSP beyond the 12nm is a challenge. A desk study looked at the consent process carried out by Malta for the development of the Malta-Ragusa power cable and compared it with the procedures covered by the Regulations on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure related to Projects of Common Interest (PCIs). The main findings indicate: Lacunae in administrative procedures particularly related to skills capacity in evaluating potential impacts of projects on existing and potential maritime uses; In the absence of MSP plans, the identification of transboundary issues may merit more attention than solely through the EIA process; More detailed policy guidance is necessary to facilitate decision making on project proposals; The Manual of Procedure as required by the PCI regulations may be a useful template to consider for improving transboundary co-operation on MSP for both plan formulation and decision making on transboundary projects. This part of the Case Study confirmed that clarity in MSP governance is essential for the implementation in both national and transboundary contexts. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation [...]
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E-Mobility Options for ADB Developing Member Countries
J. Grütter, K. Kim

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 30
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SIMWESTMED - Marine Protected Areas in the Western Mediterranean Region – Mediterranean database completion and analysis (R27)
C. Giffon, R. Neveu, A. Salvado, N. Alloncle

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 29

Abstract
Component 1.3.2 – Spatial demands and future trends for maritime sectors and marine conservation Deliverable: Marine Protected Areas in the Western Mediterranean Region – Mediterranean database completion and analysis Completion work through SIMWESTMED has addressed each designation categories which are considered as MPA by SIMWESTMED countries. MPA categories occurring in the SIMWESTMED study area are listed in annex. Firstly, the MAPAMED completion aimed to update MPA perimeters and basis data in accordance with the World Database on Protected Areas standards. The WDPA is the United Nation official database of protected areas at the world scale; Secondly, further information was gathered to provide relevant information to support MPA took into account in MSP processes. Targeted information is from different topics: The habitats and species that justified the designation of these MPAs. The composition of the governing council of these MPAs. The regulations issued by these MPAs. It is considered here the global regulations that apply within its scope. As far as possible, subzones associated with the different regulations in force in these MPAs. To the extent possible, management plans (if existing) for these MPAs. Analysis of the database has the objective to draw up a map of the MPA network situation and, from different thematic. It allows a cross-cutting understanding on various protected marine politic applied by the four countries. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is a EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identify the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more North countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component 1.3.2 – Spatial demands and future trends for maritime sectors and marine conservation Deliverable: Marine Protected Areas in the Western Mediterranean Region [...]
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SIMNORAT - Initial Assessment (D1)
O. Giret, C. Morel, A. Gimard, N. Alloncle, E. Le Moing, A. Quentric, A. Quintela, A. Lloret, F. Lopes Alves, M. Gomez Ballesteros, J. Buceta, M. Marques, M. Plaza, A. Silva, L. Sousa

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 28

Abstract
Component: 1.1 Initial Assessment Sub-component: 1.1.1 Initial Assessment MSP oriented This initial assessment report aims to provide a synthetic and shared overview of existing conditions and dynamics of the SIMNORAT project area. "Living document", this report has evolved and has been updated throughout the project's duration based upon the most recent informations available from European and national sources and the works and results of its different activities. The report is divided into two main sections. Part I – The SIMNORAT project area: an overview This section addresses project area’s main characteristics: maritime delimitations, marine environment, maritime activities, pressures and impacts. The marine environment chapter gives a description of the biological features of the various coastal and offshore ecosystems based on the MSFD descriptors 1 "Biodiversity" (benthic and pelagic habitats, marine mammals, marine birds, marine turtles, cephalopods, fish species) and 4 "Food webs". It aims to identify where particularly sensitive and ecologically important areas are. This detailed chapter is provided in annex 1. The next chapter examines maritime activities undertaken by France, Spain and Portugal in the coastal and offshore waters of the project area: current situation, key figures, spatial distribution, strategies and policies, future trends… In line with works and reflections led at European level, focus is made on the following key maritime sectors: fisheries, marine aquaculture, offshore oil & gas, marine aggregates, ports & shipping, submarine cables, marine renewable energies: offshore wind and ocean energy, coastal and maritime tourism. Finally, the interactions chapter draws on the preceding chapters to identify main pressures, potentially impacted areas (areas subject to high levels of pressures), and, if available, impacts on ecosystems. Assessment is based on the MSFD descriptors related to anthropogenic pressures, belonging to “biological”, “physical” or “substances, litter and energy” categories. This chapter is provided in annex 2. Part II – Towards maritime spatial planning in the SIMNORAT project area After a quick reminder of the main overarching European legal and policy frameworks which regulate maritime activities in Europe’s regional seas, this section reviews current status of maritime spatial planning in countries bordering the project area: France, Spain and Portugal. If legal frameworks for maritime spatial planning are in place in all these three countries, level of progress in the preparation, elaboration and implementation of maritime spatial plans, is, however, very different from one country to another. In France and Portugal, maritime spatial plans are foreseen to be adopted in 2019 whereas, in Spain, works have just been undertaken. This section concludes with a brief summary of previous, or current, transboundary MSP-related projects for the region of interest: TPEA, MAIA, MUSES. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component: 1.1 Initial Assessment Sub-component: 1.1.1 Initial Assessment MSP oriented This initial assessment report aims to provide a synthetic and shared overview of [...]
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SIMWESTMED - Recommendations on the procedural steps to follow for the development of cross-border MSP (R3)
N. Bassan, E. Manea, D. Maragno, A. Innocenti, F. Fabbri, M. Morelli, P. Campostrini, E. Gissi, F. Musco

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 27

Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Western MED, with operational details on selected aspects Deliverable: Recommendations to support common understanding on a regional scale on MSP, including synergic implementation of regionally relevant policy instruments This document identifies a number of key issues considered particularly relevant for the implementation of MSP in the Western Mediterranean. Preliminary contents were presented and discussed at the “SIMWESTMED regional meeting” held on the 5th of October 2017 in Hyeres (France). Outcomes of the discussion have been used to integrate and detail the preliminary identified issues and develop the current version of the document. The main goal is to identify common issues driving or hindering MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean and provide suggestions to strengthen drivers and/or remove obstacles, taking into consideration the framework provided by the Barcelona Convention (including its Protocols, in particular the one dealing with ICZM) and the Directive 2014/89/EU on MSP. Some of the identified issues are common also to the Eastern Mediterranean, thus applying to the entire Mediterranean Basin. In the following pages, the document briefly describes the current state of MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean, with particular focus on EU countries, mainly referring to the information included in the EU MSP Platform and the eight major issues identified, including for each of them a number of specific suggestions. Besides considering the results of the Hyeres workshop, the issues and related suggestions have been defined capitalizing the work done for the elaboration of the Conceptual Framework for MSP in the Mediterranean. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Sub‐component: C 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary [...]
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Subnational Public Expenditure Review 2019 : Fostering Decentralization in Myanmar
W. Group

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 25

Abstract
Myanmar’s decentralization of governance, financing and service delivery is taking place against aparticularly challenging backdrop. Myanmar is a country with considerable geographic and socialdiversity and a history of isolation, conflict and underdevelopment. Decades of civil conflict and tight military rule have marked Myanmar’s political, social and economic life since its independence from British rule in 1948, and left a host of historical institutional legacies including underrepresentation of women, civil service norms that prioritize compliance over performance, bureaucratic silos and weak public investment management, that still impact the country today. Political and economic transitions, begun in 2011, have promoted growth and improved welfare outcomes, though the benefits have not been equally shared with all groups or geographic areas. There remain extreme variations in the provision and quality of public infrastructure and services, reflected in large disparities per capita income and humandevelopment outcomes. These inequalities are widening, economic growth is spatially concentratedin the growth poles of Yangon and Mandalay, while rural and remote areas, such as those on the Shanplateau, are isolated from the centers of growth. The Myanmar subnational PER examines Myanmar’s nascent subnational institutions, focusing on governance, union-local administrative and fiscal relations and service delivery from a local perspective. The aim is to identify pragmatic and practicable policy options for incrementally strengthening the institutional capacity and inclusiveness of subnational governments within the confines of the current constitution. While political debate on the future shape of a federal Myanmar continues, reforming local governance institutions, within the considerable space available in the current constitution, as suggested throughout the PER, is an important way to support “federalism from below”, promoting a more sustainable, inclusive and accountable system of governance and fiscal management that better reflects Myanmar’s considerable social and economic heterogeneity.
Abstract
Myanmar’s decentralization of governance, financing and service delivery is taking place against aparticularly challenging backdrop. Myanmar is a [...]
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Social acceptance of electric mobility in Germany
U. Burghard, A. Scherrer, E. Dütschke, J. Globisch

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 17

Abstract
Plug In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can contribute to the decarbonisation of the transport sector and to alleviate some of the negative local impacts of car driving. As current market shares for PEVs in Germany are still small, it is important to investigate the social acceptance of electric mobility, taking into account different actors in the innovation system. Therefore we draw a link between the social acceptance concept (socio-political, market and local acceptance) and the technological innovation systems (TIS) approach and conduct a literature review. The results show that the majority of studies deal with the demand side of electric mobility, focusing on market acceptance. For a transition towards an electric transport system a deeper systemic understanding of all actors is necessary. The paper shows where the potentials for further acceptance research on electric mobility lie and provides an approach, which can be developed further and transferred to similar technologies.
Abstract
Plug In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) can contribute to the decarbonisation of the transport sector and to alleviate some of the negative local impacts of car driving. As current [...]
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The EU blue economy report 2020
C. Pesca

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 12

Abstract
El ISSN y el ISBN corresponden a la versión electrónica del documento The EU Blue Economy Report has become the reference to understand past developments, trends and future opportunities in the blue economy and all individual economic activities related to our seas and oceans in the EU and its Member States.
Abstract
El ISSN y el ISBN corresponden a la versión electrónica del documento The EU Blue Economy Report has become the reference to understand past developments, trends and future [...]
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SIMNORAT - Bay of Biscay case study - Mapping exposure risk of marine megafauna to concomitant pressures (D16)
F. Bliard, C. Dalleau, F. Quemmerais-Amice, A. Gimard, A. N., M. Campillos-Llanos, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, J. Grassa, A. Lloret, C. Murciano, A. Punzón

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 23

Abstract
Component: 1.3.6. Establishing case studies on approaches to MSP implementation Sub-component: CS#1 Assessment of concomitant pressures in the Bay of Biscay The SIMNORAT case study “Bay of Biscay” aims to demonstrate the cross-border cooperation between Spain and France in a technical analysis to support implementation of maritime spatial planning (MSP). This case study draws perspectives on the evaluation of offshore anthropogenic pressures and their effects on cetaceans and seabirds. These species are common in this area, have a high mobility and face multiple cross-border anthropogenic pressures. Furthermore, they are on the top of the marine food chain and are therefore good indicators of the global state of ecosystem. Spanish-French collaboration was established to select, standardize and share relevant datasets (activities, pressures, ecological components) between the two countries and to carry out first cumulative effect assessment attempts. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component: 1.3.6. Establishing case studies on approaches to MSP implementation Sub-component: CS#1 Assessment of concomitant pressures in the Bay of Biscay The SIMNORAT [...]
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FORESEE – D1.2: Guideline to set target levels of service and resilience for infrastructures
C. Kielhauser, C. Martani, B. Adey

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 22
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Arterial Link Travel Time Estimation Using Loop Detector Data
M. Zhang, K. Sommers, T. Wu, E. Kwon, A. Habib

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 21
- 0
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ACTIVAGE - D9.6 Final results report & sustainability plan (I to IX)
S. P., B. A., D. R., L. M., L. M., L. I., M. M., P. M., R. E., S. E., N. S., M. E., C. N., R. R., G. T., C. F., H. R., R. D., S. S., V. A., V. K., E. E., M. E., K. C., A. A., M. M., K. S., P. K., T. T., S. L., K. K., K. K., B. A., I. S., K. E., X. A., C. I., L. T., G. C., P. A., C. V., F. Y., M. A-s., D. A., W. R., A. A., T. S., A. S., E. T., C. J., B. A., G. L., Y. S., E. M., A. P., N. J., T. K., H. J., F. J., O. O., M. F., L. S., L. D., N. R., C. A., D. E.

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 9

Abstract
We have reached the end of a challenging and rewarding journey, after 45 months of ACTIVAGE, this is the last report that aims at providing a taste of the huge work done by the teams at the local sites. This is a testimony of the more than 45 partners that have participated in this WP. We started with 9 DS in 7 countries and we finish with 12 DS in 9 countries, having incorporated three new DS through the open call, and expanding ACTIVAGE vision and ecosystem to Portugal and Bulgaria. We have been able to reach the target of deploying AHA-IoT solutions for more than 7.200 users, we hit the mark of 7.776 and almost 97% of the expected deployments. All DS have been able to perform the evaluation, at local and global level, generating the evidence that ACTIVAGE vision is pertinent, relevant, and effective. Details are provided in the individual results and in D6.5. By the end of the project, still 80% of participants continue operation, and almost all DS have in place sustainability plans to continue providing ACTIVAGE services in one way or another. Even in the cases where no clear plans have been possible, there are opportunities for exploiting the services and the knowledge gained in the project.
Abstract
We have reached the end of a challenging and rewarding journey, after 45 months of ACTIVAGE, this is the last report that aims at providing a taste of the huge work done by [...]
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Demand response through decentralized optimization in residential areas with wind and photovoltaics
T. Dengiz, P. Jochem, W. Fichtner

Collection of open reports in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 8

Abstract
paradigm shift has to be realized in future energy systems with high shares of renewable energy sources. The electrical demand has to react to the fluctuating electricity generation of renewable energy sources. To this end, flexible electrical loads like electric heating devices coupled with thermal storage or electric vehicles are necessary in combination with optimization approaches. In this paper, we develop a novel privacy-preserving approach for decentralized optimization to exploit load flexibility. This approach, which is based on a set of schedules, is referred to as SEPACO-IDA. The results show that our developed algorithm outperforms the other approaches for scheduling based decentralized optimization found in the literature. Furthermore, this paper clearly illustrates the suboptimal results for uncoordinated decentralized optimization and thus the strong need for coordination approaches. Another contribution of this paper is the development and evaluation of two methods for distributing a central wind power profile to the local optimization problem of distributed agents (Equal Distribution and Score-Rank-Proportional Distribution). These wind profile assignment methods are combined with different decentralized optimization approaches. The results reveal the dependency of the best wind profile assignment method on the used decentralized optimization approach.
Abstract
paradigm shift has to be realized in future energy systems with high shares of renewable energy sources. The electrical demand has to react to the fluctuating electricity [...]
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FORESEE - D1.1: Guideline to measure level of service and resilience in infrastructures
B. Adey, C. Martani, C. Kielhauser, I. Robles Urquijo, N. Papathanasiou, M. Burkhalter

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 20
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SIMNORAT - Analysis of Data needs and existing gaps (D11)
R. Jarno, D. Carval

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 19

Abstract
Component 1: Supporting Implementation of MSP Sub-component 1.3.3: Data Information requirements for MSP The Analysis of Data Needs and Existing Gaps – Specifically Relating to Transboundary Working report is an intermediary document related to the SIMNORAT action on data exchanges. It provides an initial overview on the data arrangements in Portugal, Spain and France. This initial information analysis is aimed to guide the implementation of activities to enhance data exchanges between countries in the SIMNORAT context. The report analyses the current state of data needs and gaps for MSP in the countries involved in the project, in order to highlight the challenges and opportunities associated with data and information in the region. It identifies where (portals, infrastructures...) and how (accessibility, interoperability...) relevant data for MSP is available and to what extent it can be improved (assets and barriers) ; it is based on an inventory of existing data, data portals, projects and tools established according to the knowledge of the partnership. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space – for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses – has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment – by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation – between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment – through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component 1: Supporting Implementation of MSP Sub-component 1.3.3: Data Information requirements for MSP The Analysis of Data Needs and Existing Gaps – Specifically Relating [...]
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Kosovo : A Future of Green Transport and Clean Air
W. Group

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 18

Abstract
The Western Balkans is home to the most polluting power plants in Europe, and its transport and energy infrastructure require updates. Not surprisingly, countries such as Kosovo, are suffering from severe urban air pollution and traffic congestion as a result of high dependence on fossil fuels in the energy matrix, inefficient transport system and aging vehicle fleets. These substantially harm public health, productivity and efficiency in urban mobility. Kosovo is implementing the EU enacted Stabilization Tracking Mechanism programme, aiming to gradually integrate its national policies on legal, economic and social matters with the EU. On 6 February 2018, the European Commission published its expansion plan to cover up to six Western Balkan countries including Kosovo with potential accession as members of the EU after 2025. This is relevant for vehicle emissions as it entails implementation of EU vehicle emission and fuel standards. The development objective of this project is to support the government of Kosovo and City of Pristina to develop strategies to reduce emissions and pollutions from transport perspective, such as modernization and better management of public and private vehicle fleets, and to scope for components and activities to be considered as part of potential Develop Policy Financing or Investment Project Financing by the World Bank The layout of the report includes the following sections: Chapter second realizes a rapid assessment of vehicle pollution for Kosovo including vehicle emission trends. Chapter third list in a summarized manner major instruments to reduce transportation emissions. Based on the problem and solution description policies are selected which are assessed in further detail to curb vehicle emissions in Kosovo. These policies or interventions were selected based on on-going plans and activities and interest from the Government. They include usage of low-emission buses (chapter fourth), fiscal instruments to promote low-emitting vehicles (chapter fifth) and implementation of in-service vehicle emission testing.
Abstract
The Western Balkans is home to the most polluting power plants in Europe, and its transport and energy infrastructure require updates. Not surprisingly, [...]
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INTEND Project D 4.1 Sketch of the future transport system
M. Hoppe, T. Trachsel

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 17

Abstract
Deliverable 4.1 provides therefore a sketch of the future transport system, focusing on differential aspects such as the changing role of mobility and new mobility paradigms, technological innovation and emerging new mobility solutions, new stakeholder networks in a changing competitor’s landscape, etc. This will serve as a basis to derive in a further step blind spots in transport research as well as future research priorities for EU transport research.
Abstract
Deliverable 4.1 provides therefore a sketch of the future transport system, focusing on differential aspects such as the changing role of mobility and new mobility paradigms, [...]
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The Cost of Air Pollution in Lagos
J. Chang, L. Croitoru, A. Kelly

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 16

Abstract
Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital is one of the world’s fastest growing megacities, but many are breathing polluted air. This report estimates that in 2018, air pollution caused more than 11,200 premature deaths in Lagos. Children under five are the most affected accounting for about sixty percent of the deaths. The health cost of air pollution was estimated at 2.1 billion US dollars, corresponding to about 1.3 percent of Lagos state’s gross domestic product (GDP).
Abstract
Lagos, Nigeria’s commercial capital is one of the world’s fastest growing megacities, but many are breathing polluted air. This report estimates [...]
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The 2018 Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators - Part of the Product Market Regulation (PMR) Survey
F. Cavassini, L. Casullo, A. Durand

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 15

Abstract
Complementing the Product Market Regulation (PMR) survey, the Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators map the regulatory arrangements of 130 regulators across 38 countries and five network sectors: energy, e-communications, rail and air transport, and water. The indicators are structured along three components: independence, accountability and scope of action. For the 2018 update, the OECD Secretariat and delegates of the Network of Economic Regulators (NER) revised the structure and content of the survey based on new best practice principles, guidance documents and the growing body of work of the NER on the performance of regulators. The analysis shows that, while the governance arrangements of regulators vary considerably across countries and sectors, some key trends and correlations can be observed. These insights can support countries and regulators wishing to benchmark their governance practices and reform their governance arrangements.
Abstract
Complementing the Product Market Regulation (PMR) survey, the Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators map the regulatory arrangements of 130 regulators across 38 [...]
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A Ride-Sharing Problem with Meeting Points and Return Restrictions
M. Schutten, J. Quint, M. Mes, W. Chen

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 14

Abstract
Ride sharing has been widely acknowledged as an effective solution for reducing travel costs, congestion, and pollution. This paper considers the ride-sharing problem of the scheduled commuter and business traffic within a closed community of companies that agree to share the calendars of their employees. We propose a formulation in the form of a general integer linear program (ILP) for the aforementioned ride-sharing problem, which incorporates return restrictions to satisfy the business needs, as well as meeting points and the option for riders to transfer between drivers. All the instances with 40 and 60 participants and most of the instances with 80 participants can be solved to optimality within a time limit of two hours. Using instances of up to 100 participants, the ILP can be solved with a gap of no more than 1.8% within the time limit. Because of the high computational complexity, we develop a constructive heuristic that is based on the savings concept. This heuristic is also able to combine ride sharing with the use of an external mobility service provider. Our numerical study shows that ride sharing can be an effective way of reducing the number of trips and vehicle miles. Particularly, ride sharing creates more benefits when the participation is high and when the origins and the destinations of the trips are more spatially concentrated. The results show that ride sharing can create up to 31.3% mileage savings and up to 28.7% reduction in the number of cars needed to fulfill employeesâ travel schedules. We also illustrate our model using a real-life ride-sharing problem of a Dutch consultancy and research firm.
Abstract
Ride sharing has been widely acknowledged as an effective solution for reducing travel costs, congestion, and pollution. This paper considers the ride-sharing problem of the [...]
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Roadspace re-allocation: D2.1 report with annexes
C. Halpern, J. McArthur, J. Thijs, D. Dumitrescu, L. Zagan, L. Cristea

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 13

Abstract
This report constitutes the first WP2 deliverable. It examines how road space allocation is addressed across different urban contexts an urban governance and a public policy perspective. It contributes to the understanding of transition management in the transport policy domain, from a car-oriented transport policy perspective towards the development of new policy approaches, such as one favouring sustainable mobility and over the recent period, place-making. The report includes an up-to-date analysis of major institutional, organizational and political factors shaping the design and implementation of urban road space allocation strategies across the five cities: London, Constanta, MalmÃ¶, Lisbon and Budapest.
Abstract
This report constitutes the first WP2 deliverable. It examines how road space allocation is addressed across different urban contexts an urban governance and a public policy [...]
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Rethinking Streets for People on Bikes: An Evidence-Based Guidebook
M. Schlossberg, D. Amos, J. Rowell, R. Lindgren

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 12
- 0
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Houston Ship Channel Expansion Channel Improvement Project (ECIP) numerical modeling report
C. McKnight, C. Ross, J. McAlpin

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 11
- 0
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SIMWESTMED - Case study #1 Var (R20)
P. Emmanouilidou, Y. Henocque, S. Petit, Ž. Škaričić

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 10

Abstract
Component: C1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Subâcomponent: C1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation Deliverable: Var Case Study Within the SIMWESTMED project PAP/RAC aims at demonstrating the implementation of MSP, linked with ICZM, in the framework of the Barcelona Convention, drawing on the reflections carried out within two âCoastal Area Management Programmeâ (CAMP) projects, in France and Italy, as a regular activity of PAP/RAC. In line with the SIMWESTMED project document, PAP/RAC focused its activities within two pilot cases in the two countries -Var County in France (Sud Region) and the Tyrrhenian case with two pilot sites (Tuscany & Sardinia) in Italy-, looking more particularly at the land-sea interactions (LSI) and governance mechanism aspects. Therefore, there are two ranges of scale that are at stake in the SIMWESTMED project: at sub-basin level with transnational considerations, and at more local scale (CAMPs related) with considerations on LSI and stakeholdersâ involvement as required in the MSP approach. This report will present the reflections carried out in the framework of the Var case study. In the frame of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD), the overall area (French and Italian sides) and its pilot sites (CAMPs) have been through a thorough diagnostic of their environmental state and are now managed following the measures included in the respective âMarine Action Plansâ. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space â for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses â has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment â by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation â between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment â through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Subâcomponent: C1.3.6. Establish Case Studies on Approaches to MSP Implementation [...]
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SIMNORAT - Conceptual method: major steps (D3)
A. Quintela, C. Cervera-Nuñez, M. Marques, L. Sousa, A. Silva, F. Alves, P. Sala, J. Dilasser, M. Ganne, M. Campillos-Llanos, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, N. Alloncle, O. Giret

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 9

Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.1 Conceptual method: major steps Despite the lack a common, accepted specific methodology for transboundary MSP, there are several examples of transboundary marine pilot planning initiatives (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea). In this exercise, the main methodologies for transboundary MSP, of each of these projects/planning initiatives are analyzed, in a sea basin scale. The choice on the examples presented was made according to their relevance in transboundary MSP methodologies in the European context. A solution to the challenge of the implementation of MSP on a transboundary level should be based on the bioregions that have been demarcated by the ICES in 2004. This would ensure that EB-MSP is implemented at a bioregional level and the overlaps and conflicting issues between countries are identified and addressed before each country goes into developing MSP for their various jurisdictional areas. Examples can be drawn from the Baltic Sea MSP initiatives. International agreements and policies are critical in ensuring planning beyond jurisdictional boundaries by developing common visions and goals. Countries with shared high level goals and commitments can use them as a point of departure for developing cooperation in cross border MSP (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel-GEF, 2012). Accordingly to the literature review and case studies analysis the major steps and principles where identified and described having a special consideration to link them to the Ecosystem Based Approach in a Transboundary context: Pre-planning; Analysis; Planning; Implementation; Monitoring; Evaluation; Stakeholder engagement; Communication. The next step was to undertake a SWOT analysis for each step identified having in consideration the visions of each of the countries partners. This report was produced as part of SIMNORAT Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/03/SI2.742089). Competition for maritime space â for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses â has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment â by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation â between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment â through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMNORAT project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Northern European Atlantic) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Portugal, Spain and France, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMNORAT aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Portugal, Spain and France, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of January 2019 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and one international organisation. It was composed of UAVR, CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, and CPMR. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMNORAT project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Northern European Atlantic, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, OSPAR Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMNORAT permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Atlantic area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of France and Spain in SIMNORAT and in the EU-DG Mare sister projects SIMWESTMED and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours in the Western Mediterranean. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMNORAT project has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures were developed by the participating partners with the best available knowledge at the time. They do not necessarily reflect the national governments' positions and are not official documents, nor data. The European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium sized Enterprises is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
Abstract
Component: 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Northern Atlantic, with operational details on selected aspects Sub-component: 1.3.1.1 [...]
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SIMWESTMED - Initial Assessment MSP oriented (R1)
P. Campostrini, E. Manea, N. Bassan, F. Fabbri, G. Farella, D. Di Blasi, M. Morelli, O. Montanaro, M. Gomez-Ballesteros, M. Borg, O. Giret, D. Maragno, A. Innocenti, C. Cervera-Nuñez, A. Rosina, C. Venier, A. Sarretta, A. Barbanti, M. Braida, S. Sartori, A. Celi, M. Eleuteri, B. Rizzo, F. Garaventa, M. Campillos-Llanos, O. Tello, C. Moirano, S. Formosa, O. Hili, F. Musco, E. Gissi

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 8

Abstract
Component: C 1.1 Initial Assessment: Developing an Overview Sub-component: C 1.1.1 Develop a basin scale analysis/initial assessment strongly MSP oriented This Report has been created thanks to the collaboration of all the Member States involved in the SIMWESTMED project that have been invited to complete the Country Fiche, a document that has led to the development of shared knowledge regarding the marine area considered in the project. Thus, the aim of this Report is to entail a collection of information across the European countries of the Western Mediterranean region and the Strait of Sicily, including Malta waters. The Initial Assessment, in fact, provides an initial overview of the areaâs characteristics and this report is the harmonized output of all available information including the description of marine environment, maritime activities, key sectoral and socio-economic trends and emerging pressures, legal and transboundary issues, and governance aspects. The assessment uses existing information by organizing them in a comparable way in order to carry out a previous analysis on the main driver and issues that need to be considered for future MSP processes. The Initial Assessment is based mainly on desk-based reviews, in order to build a shared synthetic view on the Western Mediterranean region, identifying key issues (main activities and priority conservation issues) and data gaps that are synthesized in the following report. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space â for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses â has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment â by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation â between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment â through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. The SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is an EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established by 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of the SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identifying the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientists as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more Northern countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been addressed before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion or endorsement of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C 1.1 Initial Assessment: Developing an Overview Sub-component: C 1.1.1 Develop a basin scale analysis/initial assessment strongly MSP oriented This Report has [...]
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SIMWESTMED - Recommendations to support common understanding on a regional scale on MSP, including synergic implementation of regionally relevant policy instruments (R4)
E. Ramieri, A. Mourmoris, D. Addis, M. Bocci

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 7

Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Subâcomponent: C 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary MSP in the Western MED, with operational details on selected aspects Deliverable: Recommendations to support common understanding on a regional scale on MSP, including synergic implementation of regionally relevant policy instruments Objectives: This document identifies a number of key issues considered particularly relevant for the implementation of MSP in the Western Mediterranean. Preliminary contents were presented and discussed at the âSIMWESTMED regional meetingâ held on the 5th of October 2017 in Hyeres (France). Outcomes of the discussion have been used to integrate and detail the preliminary identified issues and develop the current version of the document. The main goal is to identify common issues driving or hindering MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean and provide suggestions to strengthen drivers and/or remove obstacles, taking into consideration the framework provided by the Barcelona Convention (including its Protocols, in particular the one dealing with ICZM) and the Directive 2014/89/EU on MSP. Some of the identified issues are common also to the Eastern Mediterranean, thus applying to the entire Mediterranean Basin. In the following pages, the document briefly describes the current state of MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean, with particular focus on EU countries, mainly referring to the information included in the EU MSP Platform and the eight major issues identified, including for each of them a number of specific suggestions. Besides considering the results of the Hyeres workshop, the issues and related suggestions have been defined capitalizing the work done for the elaboration of the Conceptual Framework for MSP in the Mediterranean. This report/document was produced as part of the SIMWESTMED Project (Grant Agreement N0. EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.3/02/SI2.742101). PROJECT: Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region (SIMWESTMED) Competition for maritime space â for renewable energy equipment, aquaculture and other uses â has highlighted the need to manage our waters more coherently. Maritime spatial planning (MSP) works across borders and sectors to ensure human activities at sea take place in an efficient, safe and sustainable way. That is why the European Parliament and the Council have adopted a legislation to create a common framework for maritime spatial planning in Europe. The Directive 2014/89/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 (said Maritime Spatial Planning Directive) establishes a framework in order to reduce conflicts between sectors and create synergies between different activities, to encourage investment â by creating predictability, transparency and clearer rules, to increase cross-border cooperation â between EU countries to develop energy grids, shipping lanes, pipelines, submarine cables and other activities, but also to develop coherent networks of protected areas, and to protect the environment â through early identification of impact and opportunities for multiple use of space. SIMWESTMED project (Supporting Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in the Western Mediterranean region) is a EU/DG Mare co-funded cross-border project. It was launched on 1st of January 2017 and involves Spain, France, Italy and Malta, while these countries had just designated their Competent Authorities and transposed the Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Directive. SIMWESTMED aims to support the implementation of the MSP Directive in the waters of Spain, France, Italy and Malta, as well as to establish cross-border cooperation mechanisms between these Member States, to contribute to the coherence of their marine spatial plans to be established in 2021. The action ran until 31st of December 2018 and was based on a partnership of public bodies of the countries and two international organisations. It was composed of CEDEX, IEO, AFB, CEREMA, Shom, CORILA and its affiliated entities IUAV and CNR-ISMAR, MIT, IMELS, PA, CPMR, UNEP-MAP and its affiliated entity UNEP-MAP/PAP-RAC. Shom acted as coordinator. The objectives of SIMWESTMED project were addressed through a variety of activities and desktop or case studies. They are dedicated to identify the methodology steps, and explore the challenges and opportunities of the MSP implementation in the Western Mediterranean area, including thus related to transboundary issues (Ecosystem based approach, marine policies, Barcelona Convention, Land Sea Interactions, geographical scale of the plans, data interoperability, tools to support MSP). The project led to a multiplicity of outputs including overviews of MSP relevant information related to the countries and on more focus areas, to a number of interviews and meetings where stakeholder views were collected to feed the reasoning, and to guidelines and good practices to be shared at a national and transnational level with marine stakeholders, scientific as well as planners, administrations and authorities. In addition, SIMWESTMED permitted a lot of progression internally in the countries and regarding transboundary cooperation. It led to establish and develop new dialogues and to connect the technical or scientific actors, the stakeholders, the administrations of the countries of a same sea basin, and the administrations within the countries, including the representative of Regions. It allowed to better understand Maritime Spatial Planning mechanisms, to share knowledge and as such reached to build capacities, which is of importance as there is such a need in the Mediterranean area compared to more North countries. The project also permitted to address topics which have never been before. The involvement of some countries in SIMWESTMED and in the EU-DG Mare "brother" projects SUPREME, SIMNORAT and SIMCelt was useful for them to develop a global vision with their neighbours through the East and West side of the Mediterranean and in the Atlantic sea basin. At the end of this exercise, it is stated the need of pursuing the work and dialogue in particular through common tools, but at this stage, the SIMWESTMED has constituted a common knowledge and background. Disclaimer: The contents and conclusions of this report, including the maps and figures, do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the participating partners concerning the legal status of any country, territory, area, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The depiction and use of boundaries, geographic names and related data shown on maps included in this report are not warranted to be error free nor do they imply official endorsement or acceptance by any of the participating partners. This report is a working document and may rely on data from sources external to the SIMWESTMED project Consortium and, in addition to this, it may contain some information gaps. Neither the European Commission or Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises nor UN Environment/MAP Barcelona Convention Secretariat may be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Abstract
Component: C 1.3 Support for Member States' implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning Subâcomponent: C 1.3.1 Develop and propose a conceptual methodology for transboundary [...]
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Report on the characterization of the barriers and limitations
M. Hong, R. Akerkar, T. Teoh, T. Eichhorn, J. Debussche

Collection of open reports in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 6

Abstract
This deliverable identifies and characterises barriers and limitations of the transport systems for exploiting big data opportunities. The scope of analysis in the document covers technological issues, as well as social, ethical, legal, political, organisational and institutional aspects of the systems. The characterisation of the barriers takes into account the extent to which they can constitute an absolute limitation for exploiting big data...
Abstract
This deliverable identifies and characterises barriers and limitations of the transport systems for exploiting big data opportunities. The scope of analysis in the document [...]
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THE QUALITY OF THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN ROAD TRANSPORT
R. Sałek

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 107

Abstract
itle"Abstract"/jats:title" "jats:p"The issue of quality is a very important aspect of the operation of transport companies. In relation to the area of their activity it primarily focuses on the quality of services provided, which can be verified e.g. on the basis of timeliness of deliveries or accepted complaints. This allows for examining the quality after providing the service in order to take future pro-quality actions. However, is it possible to affect the quality of services provided before their provision? The transport process itself is preceded with a range of actions taken within the framework of detailed planning and organization, which can significantly influence the quality of services. The decisions made at the management level are conditioned by many factors determining the course of future events, however, this is not always enough to make the process run uninterruptedly. Therefore, it is important to structure basic actions at the initial stage so as to allow the smooth conduct of the decision-making process for the specific task in order to subsequently focus on the detailed analysis of the actions planned. In the paper, the author attempts to characterize the fundamental factors affecting the decisions taken during the planning and organization of the transport process. The objective of the conducted research is to verify initial decisions and their significance for the improvement in the quality of transport services provided. There was conducted the algorithmization of actions and interpretation of their importance for the quality of decisions taken at the preparatory stage and during transport. Document type: Article
Abstract
itle"Abstract"/jats:title" "jats:p"The issue of quality is a very important aspect of the operation of transport companies. In relation to the area of their activity it primarily [...]
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Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa : Prospects and Challenges
M. Humphreys, A. Stokenberga, M. Dappe, A. Iimi, O. Hartmann

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 106

Abstract
Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa analyzes the 15 main ports in East and Southern Africa (ESA) to assess whether their proposed capacity enhancements are justified by current and projected demand; whether the current port management approaches sufficiently address not only the maritime capacity needs but also other impediments to port efficiency; and what the expected hierarchy of ports in the region will be in the future. The analysis confirms the need to increase maritime capacity, as the overall container demand in the ports in scope is predicted to begin exceeding total current capacity by between 2025 and 2030, while gaps in terms of dry and liquid bulk handling are expected even sooner. However, in the case of many of the ports, the issue of landside accessâthe portsâ intermodal connectivity, the ease of international border crossing, and the port-city interfaceâis more important than the need to improve maritime access and capacity. The analysis finds that there is a need to improve the operating efficiency in all of the ESA ports, as they are currently less than half as productive as the most efficient ports in the matched data set of similar ports across the world, in terms of efficiency in container-handling operations. Similarly, there is a need to improve and formalize stakeholder engagement in many of the ports, to introduce modern management systems, and to strengthen the institutional framework to ensure the most efficient use of the infrastructure and to be able to attract private capital and specialist terminal operators. Finally, given the portsâ geographic location and proximity to main shipping routes, available draft, and the ongoing port-and-hinterland development, the book concludes that Durban and Djibouti are the most likely to emerge as the regional hubs in ESAâs future hub-and-spoke system. Document type: Book
Abstract
Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa analyzes the 15 main ports in East and Southern Africa (ESA) to assess whether their proposed capacity enhancements [...]
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Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Fog on Optical Camera-based VLC for a Vehicular Environment
A. Burton, N. Hassan, S. Zvanovec, M. Abadi, E. Eso, Z. Ghassemlooy

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 105

Abstract
International audience; The widespread increase in the use of light emitting diodes in vehicle's head and taillights and also the use of dashboard cameras provides great prospects for the optical camera based visible light communications (VLC) technology in intelligent transport systems. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the impact of fog on the optical camera based VLC technology for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications. A range of meteorological visibilities between 5-120 m is considered based on realistic inter-vehicle distances in practical vehicular environments and using a real car taillight as the transmitter. We show a reduction in the index of modulation of the signals from 1 to 0.75 and 0.5 to allow for tracking purposes of the light source when sending '0' symbols. The results show that, the link is error-free up to 20 m meteorological visibility for the three modulation index scenarios and degrades considerably below 10 m meteorological visibility.
Abstract
International audience; The widespread increase in the use of light emitting diodes in vehicle's head and taillights and also the use of dashboard cameras provides great prospects [...]
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A Study of Deep Learning for Network Traffic Data Forecasting
B. Pfülb, A. Gepperth, S. Rieger, C. Hardegen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 104

Abstract
We present a study of deep learning applied to the domain of network traffic data forecasting. This is a very important ingredient for network traffic engineering, e.g., intelligent routing, which can optimize network performance, especially in large networks. In a nutshell, we wish to predict, in advance, the bit rate for a transmission, based on low-dimensional connection metadata ("flows") that is available whenever a communication is initiated. Our study has several genuinely new points: First, it is performed on a large dataset (~50 million flows), which requires a new training scheme that operates on successive blocks of data since the whole dataset is too large for in-memory processing. Additionally, we are the first to propose and perform a more fine-grained prediction that distinguishes between low, medium and high bit rates instead of just "mice" and "elephant" flows. Lastly, we apply state-of-the-art visualization and clustering techniques to flow data and show that visualizations are insightful despite the heterogeneous and non-metric nature of the data. We developed a processing pipeline to handle the highly non-trivial acquisition process and allow for proper data preprocessing to be able to apply DNNs to network traffic data. We conduct DNN hyper-parameter optimization as well as feature selection experiments, which clearly show that fine-grained network traffic forecasting is feasible, and that domain-dependent data enrichment and augmentation strategies can improve results. An outlook about the fundamental challenges presented by network traffic analysis (high data throughput, unbalanced and dynamic classes, changing statistics, outlier detection) concludes the article.
Abstract
We present a study of deep learning applied to the domain of network traffic data forecasting. This is a very important ingredient for network traffic engineering, e.g., intelligent [...]
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Using real sensors data to calibrate a traffic model for the city of Modena
L. Po, C. Bachechi, F. Rollo, F. Desimoni

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 63

Abstract
In Italy, road vehicles are the preferred mean of transport. Over the last years, in almost all the EU Member States, the passenger car fleet increased. The high number of vehicles complicates urban planning and often results in traffic congestion and areas of increased air pollution. Overall, efficient traffic control is profitable in individual, societal, financial, and environmental terms. Traffic management solutions typically require the use of simulators able to capture in detail all the characteristics and dependencies associated with real-life traffic. Therefore, the realization of a traffic model can help to discover and control traffic bottlenecks in the urban context. In this paper, we analyze how to better simulate vehicle flows measured by traffic sensors in the streets. A dynamic traffic model was set up starting from traffic sensors data collected every minute in about 300 locations in the city of Modena. The reliability of the model is discussed and proved with a comparison between simulated values and real values from traffic sensors. This analysis pointed out some critical issues. Therefore, to better understand the origin of fake jams and incoherence with real data, we approached different configurations of the model as possible solutions.
Abstract
In Italy, road vehicles are the preferred mean of transport. Over the last years, in almost all the EU Member States, the passenger car fleet increased. The high number of [...]
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Propagation Buckling of Subsea Pipelines and Pipe-in-Pipe Systems
M. Alrsai, H. Karampour

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 102
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Combined Calculated, Experimental and Determinated and Probable Justifications for Strength of Trunk Crude Oil Pipelines
N. Makhutov, D. Neganov

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 101
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The Transforming Dutch City seen through the Infrastructural Changes
R. Cavallo

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 62

Abstract
The relation between infrastructures and urban transformations is a complex matter. When we look at the Randstad, this part of the Netherlands is characterized by not only its urban development in the last 150 years, but also by the fact that the territory changed; herein geomorphology, waterways, and railroads play an important role. Since the Middle Ages, a well-developed system of canals is ordering landscape and cities, while roads had shallow relevance. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that the first Dutch railroads were positioned parallel to the canals. Land expropriation was easier there and the railway layout could be kept as straight as possible, saving resources.
Abstract
The relation between infrastructures and urban transformations is a complex matter. When we look at the Randstad, this part of the Netherlands is characterized by not only [...]
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Ablation of Oil-Sand Lumps in Hydrotransport Pipelines
M. Pazouki, S. Rushd

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 100
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Modeling Friction Losses in the Water-Assisted Pipeline Transportation of Heavy Oil
R. Sultan, S. Rushd, S. Mahmud

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 98
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Unlocking Value from Ubiquitous Data
M. Hong, R. Akerkar

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 97

Abstract
Data is growing at an alarming rate. This growth is spurred by varied array of sources, such as embedded sensors, social media sites, video cameras, the quantified-self and the internet-of-things. This is changing our reliance on data for making decisions, or data analytics, from being mostly carried out by an individual and in limited settings to taking place while on-the-move and in the field of action. Unlocking value from data directs that it must be assessed from multiple dimensions. Dataâs value can be primarily classified as âinformation,â âknowledgeâ or âwisdomâ. Data analytics addresses such matters as what and why, as well as what will and what should be done. In recent days, data analytics is moving from being reserved for domain experts to becoming necessary for the end-user. However, data availability is both a pertinent issue and a great opportunity for global businesses. This paper presents recent examples from work in our research team on ubiquitous data analytics and open up to a discussion on key questions relating methodologies, tools and frameworks to improve ubiquitous data team effectiveness as well as the potential goals for a ubiquitous data process methodology. Finally, we give an outlook on the future of data analytics, suggesting a few research topics, applications, opportunities and challenges. This paper is based on a keynote speech to the 14th International Conference on ICT in Education, Research and Industrial Applications. Integration, Harmonization and Knowledge Transfer, Kyiv, Ukraine on 16 May 2018.
Abstract
Data is growing at an alarming rate. This growth is spurred by varied array of sources, such as embedded sensors, social media sites, video cameras, the quantified-self and [...]
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Fast Public Transit Routing with Unrestricted Walking through Hub Labeling
D. Phan, L. Viennot

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 96

Abstract
We propose a novel technique for answering routing queries in public transportation networks that allows unrestricted walking. We consider several types of queries: earliest arrival time, Pareto-optimal journeys regarding arrival time, number of transfers and walking time, and profile, i.e. finding all Pareto-optimal journeys regarding travel time and arrival time in a given time interval. Our techniques uses hub labeling to represent unlimited foot transfers and can be adapted to both classical algorithms RAPTOR and CSA. We obtain significant speedup compared to the state-of-the-art approach based on contraction hierarchies. A research report version is deposited on HAL with number hal-02161283.
Abstract
We propose a novel technique for answering routing queries in public transportation networks that allows unrestricted walking. We consider several types of queries: earliest [...]
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A Hybrid Approach for the Prevention of Railway Accidents Based on Artificial Intelligence
H. Hadj-Mabrouk

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 94

Abstract
International audience; The modes of reasoning which are used in the context of safety analysis and the very nature of knowledge about safety mean that a conventional computing solution is unsuitable and the utilization of artificial intelligence techniques would seem to be more appropriate. Our research has involved three specific aspects of artificial intelligence: knowledge acquisition, machine learning and knowledge based systems (KBS). Development of the knowledge base in a KBS requires the use of knowledge acquisition techniques in order to collect, structure and formalizes knowledge. It has not been possible with knowledge acquisition to extract effectively some types of expert knowledge. Therefore, the use of knowledge acquisition in combination with machine learning appears to be a very promising solution. This paper presents the result of these two research activities which are involved in the methodology of safety analysis of guided rail transport systems.
Abstract
International audience; The modes of reasoning which are used in the context of safety analysis and the very nature of knowledge about safety mean that a conventional computing [...]
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Proceedings of the Academic Track at State of the Map 2019
M. Minghini, A. Grinberger, P. Mooney, L. Juhász, G. Yeboah

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 93

Abstract
State of the Map featured a full day of academic talks. Building upon the motto of SotM 2019 in "Bridging the Map" the Academic Track session was aimed to provide the bridge to join together the experience, understanding, ideas, concepts and skills from different groups of researchers, academics and scientists from around the world. In particular, the Academic Track session was meant to build this bridge that connects members of the OpenStreetMap community and the academic community by providing an open passage for exchange of ideas, communication and opportunities for increased collaboration. These proceedings include 14 abstracts accepted as oral presentations and 6 abstracts presented as posters. Contributions were received from different academic fields, for example geography, remote sensing, computer and information sciences, geomatics, GIScience, the humanities and social sciences, and even from industry actors. We are particularly delighted to have included abstracts from both experienced researchers and students. Overall, it is our hope that these proceedings accurately showcase the ongoing innovation and maturity of scientific investigations and research into OpenStreetMap, showing how it as a research object converges multiple research areas together. Our aim is to show how the sum total of investigations of issues like Volunteered Geographic Information, geo-information, and geo-digital processes and representation shed light on the relations between crowds, real-world applications, technological developments, and scientific research. Document type: Book
Abstract
State of the Map featured a full day of academic talks. Building upon the motto of SotM 2019 in "Bridging the Map" the Academic Track session was aimed to provide the bridge [...]
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Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECV):Final report
Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 91

Abstract
The report gives an extensive overview of the results of the project entity Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECV) that was active 2012â2016 under EVE programme of the Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes). Contributions to this final report have been made as articles written by several project participants. All the key themes of the project are covered: battery technologies and their applications, electric powertrains and electric vehicles, city buses, non-road mobile machinery, electric commercial vehicle systems and charging, as well as electric vehicles in connection with power grid. Several businesses and products have been launched during the project's span, and continue to emerge and develop in this dynamically progressing field.
Abstract
The report gives an extensive overview of the results of the project entity Electric Commercial Vehicles (ECV) that was active 2012â2016 under EVE programme of the Finnish [...]
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Triggering behavior changes with information and incentives: An active traffic and demand management-oriented review
X. Hu, Q. Tang

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 90

Abstract
Abstract Traditionally, methods to reduce traffic congestion have been focused on the capacity side. An increasingly popular approach is to look at issues from the demand side to trigger travel behavior changes, so as to achieve a better balance between the need to travel a particular route at a particular time and the capacity of available facilities which is defined by FHWA as active traffic and demand management strategy (ATDM). The provisions of dynamic traffic information and incentives are two most commonly seen methods to effectively influence people's travel behavior. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth review of the research work that focuses on triggering travel behavior changes with the provisions of dynamic traffic information and incentives via Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Real-world system developments and current practices in adjusting travel behaviors will be summarized first, followed by the review of various behavior change aspects, including departure time choice behavior, route choice behavior, mode choice behavior and destination choice behavior. Driving behavior, which is a densely populated topic is also reviewed and summarized. The reviewed studies are summarized and compared at the end of each corresponding section.
Abstract
Abstract Traditionally, methods to reduce traffic congestion have been focused on the capacity side. An increasingly popular approach is to look at issues from the demand [...]
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Air transport liberalization: a critical assessment
S. Barrett, M. Baumgartner, P. Berster, V. Bilotkach, K. Button, P. Forsyth, M. Gelhausen, D. Gillen, S. Gudmundsson, G. Martini, W. Morrison, R. Nagpal, R. Neiva, C. Oster Jr., J. Peoples, A. Reynolds-Feighan, H. Saranga, D. Scotti, J. Strong, H. Vega, E. Zeki, A. Zhang, Y. Zhang, C. Zorn

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 89

Abstract
This groundbreaking book offers a critical and wide-ranging assessment of the global air transport liberalization process over the past 40 years. This compilation of world experts on air transport economics, policy, and regulation is timely and significant, considering that air transport is currently facing a series of new challenges due to technological changes, the emergence of new markets, and increased security concerns. 1. Introduction, Matthias Finger and Kenneth Button -- Part I: Country and regional reports: 2. Airline Liberalization in the US, James Peoples -- 3. Airline Deregulation in Canada and the Sustainability of Competition, David Gillen and William G. Morrison -- 4. Australia â a reluctant liberalizer, Peter Forsyth -- 5. Air transport liberalization: the case of Ireland, Sean Barrett -- 6. The Evolution of Indian Civil Aviation, Rajiv Nagpal and Haritha Saranga -- 7. Air transport development: A comparative analysis of China and India, Yahua Zhang and Anming Zhang -- 8. European Market: Present and Future, Volodymyr Bilotkach -- 9. Latin America and the Caribbean, Thirty-Plus Years of Lukewarm Liberalization of Air Transportation Markets, Henry L. Vega -- 10. Air transport in Africa, Gianmaria Martini and Davide Scotti -- Part II: Topical issues: 11. Aviation safety in the age of liberalization, Clinton V. Oster Jr., John S. Strong and C. Kurt Zorn -- 12. Small Community Impacts of Liberalization and the Provision of Social Air Services, Aisling Reynolds-Feighan -- 13. Oligopolization of markets, Sveinn Vidar Gudmundsson -- 14. Domination of hub-and-spoke systems, Marc C. Gelhausen and Peter Berster -- 15. Market instability, Kenneth Button -- Part III: Future challenges: 16. Economic Perspectives on Aviation Security, David Gillen and William G. Morrison -- 17. The need to evolve air traffic management: Europe as a laboratory, Matthias Finger, Marc Baumgartner and Engin Zeki -- 18. Canada and USA: A Tale of Two ANSPs, Rui Neiva -- Index
Abstract
This groundbreaking book offers a critical and wide-ranging assessment of the global air transport liberalization process over the past 40 years. This compilation of world [...]
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Business model innovation in the smart mobility domain
O. Türetken, P. Grefen, R. Gilsing, E. Adali, B. Ozkan, M. Lu

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 88
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Carsharing's impact and future
E. Farrar, S. Shaheen, A. Cohen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 86

Abstract
Carsharing provides members access to a fleet of autos for short-term use throughout the day, reducing the need for one or more personal vehicles. This chapter reviews key terms and definitions for carsharing, common carsharing business models, and existing impact studies. Next, the chapter discusses the commodification and aggregation of mobility services and the role of Mobility on Demand (MOD) and Mobility as a Service (MaaS) on carsharing. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how the convergence of electrification and automation is changing carsharing, leading to shared automated and electric vehicle (SAEV) fleets.
Abstract
Carsharing provides members access to a fleet of autos for short-term use throughout the day, reducing the need for one or more personal vehicles. This chapter reviews key [...]
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Exploring Driver and Operator Behaviour Models in the Context of Automated Driving
P. Rämä, H. Koskinen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 85

Abstract
The study aimed to systematically determine key human issues related to automated driving by utilising selected theoretical approaches applied in road traffic and work environments. The aim was also to compare the descriptive power of theoretical approaches to automated driving. Three approaches were applied to partial and high automation scenarios: (1) motivational theories, (2) model for the human as an information processor, and (3) core-task analysis. A descriptive analysis using the terms of theoretical approaches was conducted for automated driving in the contexts of urban and highway driving. In all, the qualitative data provided encompassed 13 subtasks of a trip made by car (e.g. choosing the route, entering a highway, driving in an urban intersection) in several contextual circumstances (traffic situation, environment, weather etc.). The study resulted in a list of 20 human issues related to automated driving. The issues were categorised in four groups highlighting the common aspects identified. These were: strategic decisions related to personal mobility; road safety; the role of information in automated driving; and communication and interaction in traffic. Each theoretical approach appeared useful in defining the issues, and the views were found to complement each other. Increasing automation in road transport calls for reforming the theoretical background and developing new models. The core-task analysis, not earlier applied in road transport, emerged as a promising model and is suggested to be applied in more detailed analysis of automated driving, specifically regarding information and communication aspects.
Abstract
The study aimed to systematically determine key human issues related to automated driving by utilising selected theoretical approaches applied in road traffic and work environments. [...]
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Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems - RTNS '19
J. Ermont, C. Gill, Y. Song

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 84

Abstract
International audience; Message from the Program Chairs We are delighted to welcome you to the 27th edition of the International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS), in Toulouse, France. RTNS is a friendly conference with a great sense of community that offers excellent opportunities for collaboration as well as a high-quality technical program. RTNS publishes papers addressing temporal issues in any area of computation and communication, at any level of abstraction, and in any application domain.This year we received 37 submissions and accepted 20 papers. The reviewing process involved 44 program committee members, who were assisted by 22 additional reviewers. Each submission received at least three reviews. Among the accepted papers, 4 outstanding papers were chosen, which are highlighted in the program, from which a separate committee selected one best paper and one best student paper. The conference program features a keynote talk giving a view on future challenges for the real-time community by Prof. Marko Bertogna (University of Modena, Italy), an industrial session on real-time challenges in four selected industrial application domains: automotive engine control systems (by Continental AG); automatic air transport (by Thales AVS France); electric smart grid substation automation systems (by SCLE-SFE, Groupe ENGIE); deterministic networking (by Cisco), and 6 technical sessions for accepted papers: analysis and validation; fault-tolerance, security, and data-flow; networking I and II; processor scheduling; and synchronization, preemption, and coordination. The main conference is also again complemented by the Junior Researcher Workshop on Real-Time Computing (JRWRTC), which is now in its 13th successful year.We would like to thank our many colleagues who have contributed to the success of RTNS 2019. First of all, we thank the Steering Committee for trusting us to manage the technical aspects of the conference. We also owe sincere thanks to all the PC members and reviewers who completed the crucial reviewing and shepherding work for the conference. The conference simply would not have been possible without the significant and sustained efforts of our General Chair, JÃ©rÃ´me Ermont (IRIT, ENSEEIHT, France), and the 5 members of the Local Organization Committee, who coordinated all aspects of the conference venue, web site, and the event itself. We also are grateful to the JRWRTC co-Chairs Antonio Paolillo (ULB, Belgium) and Benjamin Rouxel (UVA, Netherlands), and to the 15 members of the Workshop Committee for their efforts. Last but not least, we would like to thank the authors of all submitted papers â by entering your work into the process of review, critique, and possible rejection, even papers that were not accepted have helped to drive the important process of advancement in our field. We know it can be frustrating to have a paper rejected, but we hope that for each paper the reviewing feedback was helpful. Finally, we would like to thank the participants attending RTNS 2019 in Toulouse. We hope you will enjoy the technical program, the social events, and the conference venue and its surroundings! Ye-Qiong Song (LORIA - UniversitÃ© de Lorraine, France)Christopher Gill (Washington University in St. Louis, USA)RTNS 2019 Program Committee co-Chairs.
Abstract
International audience; Message from the Program Chairs We are delighted to welcome you to the 27th edition of the International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems [...]
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Motor Vehicle Density and Air Pollution in Greater Cairo
G. Zens, D. Wheeler, C. Meisner, M. Heger

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 83
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A Fully Decentralized Autoscaling Algorithm for Stream Processing Applications
C. Tedeschi, M. Belkhiria

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 82

Abstract
International audience; Stream Processing deals with the efficient, real-time processing of continuous streams of data. Stream Processing engines ease the development and deployment of such applications which are commonly pipelines of operators to be traversed by each data item. Due to the varying velocity of the streams, autoscaling is needed to dynamically adapt the number of instances of each operator. With the advent of geographically-dispersed computing platforms such as Fog platforms, operators are dispersed accordingly, and autoscaling needs to be decentralized as well. In this paper, we propose an algorithm allowing for scaling decisions to be taken and enforced in a fully-decentralized way. In particular, in spite of scaling actions being triggered concurrently, each operator maintains a view of its neighbours in the graph so as no data message is lost. The protocol is detailed and its correctness discussed. Its performance is captured through early simulation experiments.
Abstract
International audience; Stream Processing deals with the efficient, real-time processing of continuous streams of data. Stream Processing engines ease the development and [...]
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A Change in the Dark Room: The Effects of Human Factors and Cognitive Loading Issues for NextGen TRACON Air Traffic Controllers
L. Weiland, M. Miller, S. Holley, B. Mrusek

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 80

Abstract
By 2020 all aircraft in United States airspace must use ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) Out. This is a key component of the Next Generation (NextGen) Air Transportation System, which marks the first time all aircraft will be tracked continuously using satellites instead of ground-based radar. Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS) in the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) is a primary NextGen upgrade where digitized automation/information surrounds STARS controllers while controlling aircraft. Applying the SHELL model, the authors analyze human factors changes affecting TRACON controllers from pre-STARS technology through NextGen technologies on performance. Results of an informal survey of STARS controllers assessed cognitive processing issues and indicates the greatest concern is with movements to view other displays and added time to re-engage STARS.
Abstract
By 2020 all aircraft in United States airspace must use ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast) Out. This is a key component of the Next Generation (NextGen) Air [...]
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Improving SIEM for critical SCADA water infrastructures using machine learning
H. Hindy, D. Brosset, E. Bayne, A. Seeam, X. Bellekens

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 79

Abstract
Network Control Systems (NAC) have been used in many industrial processes. They aim to reduce the human factor burden and efficiently handle the complex process and communication of those systems. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems are used in industrial, infrastructure and facility processes (e.g. manufacturing, fabrication, oil and water pipelines, building ventilation, etc.) Like other Internet of Things (IoT) implementations, SCADA systems are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, therefore, a robust anomaly detection is a major requirement. However, having an accurate anomaly detection system is not an easy task, due to the difficulty to differentiate between cyber-attacks and system internal failures (e.g. hardware failures). In this paper, we present a model that detects anomaly events in a water system controlled by SCADA. Six Machine Learning techniques have been used in building and evaluating the model. The model classifies different anomaly events including hardware failures (e.g. sensor failures), sabotage and cyber-attacks (e.g. DoS and Spoofing). Unlike other detection systems, our proposed work focuses on notifying the operator when an anomaly occurs with a probability of the event occurring. This additional information helps in accelerating the mitigation process. The model is trained and tested using a real-world dataset.
Abstract
Network Control Systems (NAC) have been used in many industrial processes. They aim to reduce the human factor burden and efficiently handle the complex process and communication [...]
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Environmental and Corporate Crimes: The Case of Polluting Industries in France
L. Mucchielli

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 51

Abstract
International audience; Drawing inspiration from researches on environmental crime and corporate crime, this chapter examines the case of air pollution caused by road transport and industry in France. The purpose of the author is first to document the nature and extent of these health threats to populations and second to highlight the existence of delinquent practices (defined as deliberate violations of legal norms) that sometimes play a major role in perpetuating these threats. The author first examines the issue of pollution caused by automobile engines and returns to âDieselgate.â It then details the pollution problems observed in the Fos-sur-Mer industrial area in the south of France and its consequences on the health of local populations.
Abstract
International audience; Drawing inspiration from researches on environmental crime and corporate crime, this chapter examines the case of air pollution caused by road transport [...]
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One Network to Segment Them All: A General, Lightweight System for Accurate 3D Medical Image Segmentation
E. Dam, A. Pai, M. Perslev, C. Igel

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 78

Abstract
Many recent medical segmentation systems rely on powerful deep learning models to solve highly specific tasks. To maximize performance, it is standard practice to evaluate numerous pipelines with varying model topologies, optimization parameters, pre- & postprocessing steps, and even model cascades. It is often not clear how the resulting pipeline transfers to different tasks. We propose a simple and thoroughly evaluated deep learning framework for segmentation of arbitrary medical image volumes. The system requires no task-specific information, no human interaction and is based on a fixed model topology and a fixed hyperparameter set, eliminating the process of model selection and its inherent tendency to cause method-level over-fitting. The system is available in open source and does not require deep learning expertise to use. Without task-specific modifications, the system performed better than or similar to highly specialized deep learning methods across 3 separate segmentation tasks. In addition, it ranked 5-th and 6-th in the first and second round of the 2018 Medical Segmentation Decathlon comprising another 10 tasks. The system relies on multi-planar data augmentation which facilitates the application of a single 2D architecture based on the familiar U-Net. Multi-planar training combines the parameter efficiency of a 2D fully convolutional neural network with a systematic train- and test-time augmentation scheme, which allows the 2D model to learn a representation of the 3D image volume that fosters generalization.
Abstract
Many recent medical segmentation systems rely on powerful deep learning models to solve highly specific tasks. To maximize performance, it is standard practice to evaluate [...]
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Liaoning Shunda Traffic Engineering Maintenance Co., Ltd. v. Panjin Kaiyue Economic and Trade Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Contract for Work)—Applicable Rules for Transforming Claim in Real Right into Claim for Real Right Damages
J. Wu, H. Ma

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 77

Abstract
In a contract for work, the proprietor provides the raw materials to be processed to the contractor, with the ownership of the raw materials being owned by the proprietor. After the performance of the contract, the proprietorâs request for the contractor to return the remaining raw materials is the claim in real right of raw materials. When the raw materials cannot be returned due to loss, in order to fully protect the interests of the real right holder, the protection method for creditorâs rights can be adopted by changing the proprietorâs claim in real right to claim for real right damages. Then by the proprietor should claim for damages against the contractor within 2 years after the proprietor knew or should have known the loss of the raw materials.
Abstract
In a contract for work, the proprietor provides the raw materials to be processed to the contractor, with the ownership of the raw materials being owned by the proprietor. [...]
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Development of Real-time ADAS Object Detector for Deployment on CPU
A. Kozlov, D. Osokin

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 76

Abstract
In this work, we outline the set of problems, which any neural network for object detection faces when its development comes to the deployment stage and propose methods to deal with such difficulties. We show that these practices allow one to get neural network for object detection, which can recognize two classes: vehicles and pedestrians and achieves more than 60 frames per second inference speed on Core\\(^{\\mathrm{TM}}\\) i5-6500 CPU. The proposed model is built on top of the popular Single Shot MultiBox Object Detection framework but with substantial improvements, which were inspired by the discovered problems. The network has just 1.96 GMAC (GMAC â billions of multiply-accumulate operations) complexity and less than 7 MB model size. It is publicly available as a part of IntelÂ® OpenVINO\\(^{\\mathrm{TM}}\\) Toolkit.
Abstract
In this work, we outline the set of problems, which any neural network for object detection faces when its development comes to the deployment stage and propose methods to [...]
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Geography vs. topology in the evolution of the global container shipping network (1977-2016)
C. Ducruet, J. Berli, M. Bunel

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 48

Abstract
International audience; The dynamical properties of so-called spatial and complex networks are often overlooked in graph theory and network science in general. Container shipping provides a rare example of a global transport network that went through tremendous technological and geographic changes in the last decades or so. This chapter proposes for the first time an empirical analysis of no less than 40 years of inter-port vessel movement data (1977-2016) to describe the evolving properties of the global container shipping network. Main results confirm a number of stylized facts such as the growing size, connectivity, and centralization of this network due to several factors such as economies of scale in liner shipping and the rationalization of related maritime services, the emergence of hub ports, etc. We also provide a new cartography of how had the global container shipping network been geographically distributed over time, thereby highlighting major shifts in terms of port hierarchies and main corridors. We believe that this chapter will contribute to a better understanding of the complex linkages between network structure, technological change, and spatial change, opening the way for new research paths on maritime transport research and network science in general when focusing on evolutionary dynamics.
Abstract
International audience; The dynamical properties of so-called spatial and complex networks are often overlooked in graph theory and network science in general. Container shipping [...]
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Education and training for maritime spatial planners
C. Fonseca, M. Frias, J. Ansong, H. Calado, M. Vergílio

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 75

Abstract
The practice of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has developed substantially during the last decade, calling for more qualified professionals. Education, training, and growth capacity for MSP, however, are (still) some of the less addressed themes in MSP forums and specific learning materials, such as textbooks and practice manuals. Some teaching initiatives have nevertheless arisen at the postgraduate level for training new and specialised practitioners in the MSP field. A quick overview of such initiatives will help answer some questions concerning the path to follow for MSP education and training. This chapter presents an exploratory diagnosis based on a discussion of the basic skills needed to achieve successful professional practice. What skills are expected from a maritime spatial planner? Is a specific background required to become a maritime spatial planner? How should such professionals be trained? These questions are discussed using the visions and insights of consultants, maritime sectors, policymakers, scientists, and teachers of MSP, with experience in countries where MSP processes are already in place. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
The practice of Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) has developed substantially during the last decade, calling for more qualified professionals. Education, training, and growth [...]
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Challenges during Operation and Shutdown of Waxy Crude Pipelines
N. Hasan, M. Dheeb, A. Genefid, H. Husin, M. Elmubarak, M. Mohyaldinn

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 74
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Sensor Testing for Smart Mobility Scenarios: From Parking Assistance to Automated Parking
A. Tengg, N. Druml, E. Muñoz, B. Hillbrand, J. Larrauri, M. Recalde, C. Pilz

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 73

Abstract
Vehicle automation is one of the major challenges of nowadaysâ transport system and its goals are to achieve the ideal energy efficiency, the minimum environment impact and the highest safety rate. In this context, IoSense is the project which will deploy new capabilities (Sensors, Components and Systems) through several demonstrators, one of them called âSmaBilityâ (Smart Mobility scenarios). So, the intelligent perception and decision making for safer and autonomous driving are the main objectives of the SmaBility demonstrator focus on the âAutomated parkingâ. Then this chapter firstly lists the capabilities in the design, modelling and simulation area of each partner (TECNALIA, IFAT and VIF) involved on the title âFrom Parking Assistance to Automated Parkingâ within the Smability. In a second stage, several simulations considering a Time-of-Flight (ToF) camera, as the main perception technology, are explained at both levels: Sensor (ToF) and System (Automated parking). In parking assistance scenario (system level), a ToF camera, similar to the previous one analysed at sensor level, is considered as substitute for ultrasonic range sensors. The expected advantages of using such camera include faster answer, better resolution and object recognition capabilities. Combining depth information with a vehicle geometry model and ego-information (position, speed, steering angle), it is possible to estimate distance to collision point and time to collision (TTC) with great accuracy. Finally, summary and conclusions are reported. H2020 | ECSEL-IA, 692480, IoSense
Abstract
Vehicle automation is one of the major challenges of nowadaysâ transport system and its goals are to achieve the ideal energy efficiency, the minimum environment impact [...]
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Country Economic Memorandum for Sao Tome and Principe - Background Note 11
G. Monte-Rojas

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 72
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Emission estimation based on traffic models and measurements
N. Tsanakas

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 71

Abstract
Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and human health, the accurate estimation of their rates and location is required. Traffic emission models can be used for estimating emissions, providing emission factors in grams per vehicle and kilometre. Emission factors are defined for specific traffic situations, and traffic data is necessary in order to determine these traffic situations along a traffic network. The required traffic data, which consists of average speed and flow, can be obtained either from traffic models or sensor measurements. In large urban areas, the collection of cross-sectional data from stationary sensors is a costefficient method of deriving traffic data for emission modelling. However, the traditional approaches of extrapolating this data in time and space may not accurately capture the variations of the traffic variables when congestion is high, affecting the emission estimation. Static transportation planning models, commonly used for the evaluation of infrastructure investments and policy changes, constitute an alternative efficient method of estimating the traffic data. Nevertheless, their static nature may result in an inaccurate estimation of dynamic traffic variables, such as the location of congestion, having a direct impact on emission estimation. Congestion is strongly correlated with increased emission rates, and since emissions have location specific effects, the location of congestion becomes a crucial aspect. Therefore, the derivation of traffic data for emission modelling usually relies on the simplified, traditional approaches. The aim of this thesis is to identify, quantify and finally reduce the potential errors that these traditional approaches introduce in an emission estimation analysis. According to our main findings, traditional approaches may be sufficient for analysing pollutants with global effects such as CO2, or for large-scale emission modelling applications such as emission inventories. However, for more temporally and spatially sensitive applications, such as dispersion and exposure modelling, a more detailed approach is needed. In case of cross-sectional measurements, we suggest and evaluate the use of a more detailed, but computationally more expensive, data extrapolation approach. Additionally, considering the inabilities of static models, we propose and evaluate the post-processing of their results, by applying quasi-dynamic network loading.
Abstract
Traffic congestion increases travel times, but also results in higher energy usage and vehicular emissions. To evaluate the impact of traffic emissions on environment and [...]
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Solution Approaches for Vehicle and Crew Scheduling with Electric Buses
S. Govinda Raja Perumal, T. Dollevoet, D. Huisman, R. Lusby, J. Larsen, M. Riis

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 45

Abstract
extabstractThe use of electric buses is expected to rise due to its environmental benefits. However, electric vehicles are less exible than conventional diesel buses due to their limited driving range and longer recharging times. Therefore, scheduling electric vehicles adds further operational dificulties. Additionally, various labor regulations challenge public transport companies to find a cost-effcient crew schedule. Vehicle and crew scheduling problems essentially define the cost of operations. In practice, these two problems are often solved sequentially. In this paper, we introduce the integrated electric vehicle and crew scheduling problem (E-VCSP). Given a set of timetabled trips and recharging stations, the E-VCSP is concerned with finding vehicle and crew schedules that cover the timetabled trips and satisfy operational constraints, such as limited driving range of electric vehicles and labor regulations for the crew while minimizing total operational cost. An adaptive large neighborhood search that utilizes branch-and-price heuristics is proposed to tackle the E-VCSP. The proposed method is tested on real-life instances from public transport companies in Denmark and Sweden that contain up to 1,109 timetabled trips. The heuristic approach provides evidence of improving efficiency of transport systems when the electric vehicle and crew scheduling aspects are considered simultaneously. By comparing to the traditional sequential approach, the heuristic finds improvements in the range of 1.17-4.37% on average. A sensitivity analysis of the electric bus technology is carried out to indicate its implications for the crew schedule and the total operational cost. The analysis shows that the operational cost decreases with increasing driving range (120 to 250 kilometers) of electric vehicles.
Abstract
extabstractThe use of electric buses is expected to rise due to its environmental benefits. However, electric vehicles are less exible than conventional diesel buses due [...]
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Risk management of industrial enterprises: theory and methodology
I. Posokhov, V. Dyuzhev, Y. Zhadan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 44

Abstract
The monograph explores theoretical basis of risk management and corporate governance, construction of the system and development of measures for risk management of the corporation of industrial enterprises of railway transport, the improvement of approaches to the classification of risks of industrial enterprises and developing risk management framework of industrial enterprises. The monograph is intended for economists, management professionals, scientists, executives and specialists of government bodies, heads of industrial enterprises and top managers of corporations, specialists and practitioners interested in the problems of managing industrial enterprises. Ð£ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÐ»ÑÐ´Ð¶ÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¾ÑÐµÑÐ¸ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÐ° ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ, Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð° ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸ ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÐ° Ð·Ð°ÑÐ¾Ð´ÑÐ² ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÐ·Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÑÑ, ÑÐ´Ð¾ÑÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´ÑÐ¾Ð´ÑÐ² Ð´Ð¾ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐºÐ°ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÐ° ÑÐ¸ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ². ÐÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð³ÑÐ°ÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð·ÑÐ°ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð° Ð½Ð° ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÑÑÑÑÐ², Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÑÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð»ÑÐ² ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ, Ð½Ð°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²ÑÑÐ², ÐºÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÐ² Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ³Ð°Ð½ÑÐ², ÐºÐµÑÑÐ²Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑÐ² Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° ÑÐ¾Ð¿- Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ´Ð¶ÐµÑÑÐ² ÐºÐ¾ÑÐ¿Ð¾ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ¹, ÑÐ°ÑÑÐ²ÑÑÐ² ÑÐ° Ð¿ÑÐ°ÐºÑÐ¸ÐºÑÐ², Ð·Ð°ÑÑÐºÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÐ¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿ÑÐ´Ð¿ÑÐ¸ÑÐ¼ÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸.
Abstract
The monograph explores theoretical basis of risk management and corporate governance, construction of the system and development of measures for risk management of the corporation [...]
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A SDN-Based Network Traffic Estimating Algorithm in Power Telecommunication Network
H. Xing, H. Jia, R. Huang

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 70

Abstract
Most of network management tasks in traffic engineering such as traffic scheduling, path planning, both of them are required the accurate and fine-grained network traffic. However, it is difficult to capture and estimate the volume of network traffic due to its time-varying nature. In this paper, we study the network traffic estimation scheme to estimate the fine-grained network traffic. Firstly, the network traffic is constructed as a time series and the autoregressive moving average (ARMA) method is used to characterize and model network traffic. Secondly, in order to decrease the estimation errors of the ARMA model, we use the optimization theory to adjust the estimation results. We construct an objective function with constraints. We find that objective function is an NP-hard problem, then we introduce a heuristic algorithm to find the optimization results. Finally, to evaluate the performance of our proposed scheme, we construct a simulation platform and compare our scheme with that of the other methods in an SDN simulation platform. The simulation results indicate that our approach is effective and our method can reflect the network traffic characteristics.
Abstract
Most of network management tasks in traffic engineering such as traffic scheduling, path planning, both of them are required the accurate and fine-grained network traffic. [...]
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Beyond the Gap : How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet
J. Rozenberg, M. Fay

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 69

Abstract
Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus on spending more and toward a focus on spending better on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does so by offering a careful and systematic approach to estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity, irrigation, and flood protection. Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that funding needs depend on the service goals and policy choices of low- and middle-income countries and could range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per year by 2030. Beyond the Gap also identifies a policy mix that will enable countries to achieve key international goalsâuniversal access to water, sanitation, and electricity; greater mobility; improved food security; better protection from floods; and eventual full decarbonizationâwhile limiting spending on new infrastructure to 4.5 percent of GDP per year. Importantly, the exploration of thousands of scenarios shows that infrastructure investment paths compatible with full decarbonization in the second half of the century need not cost more than more-polluting alternatives. Investment needs remain at 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP even when only the decarbonized scenarios are examined. The actual amount depends on the quality and quantity of services targeted, the timing of investments, construction costs, and complementary policies. Finally, investing in infrastructure is not enough; maintaining it also matters. Improving services requires much more than capital expenditure. Ensuring a steady flow of resources for operations and maintenance is a necessary condition for success. Good maintenance also generates substantial savings by reducing the total life-cycle cost of transport and water and sanitation infrastructure by more than 50 percent. Document type: Book
Abstract
Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus [...]
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Technical scenarios for the decarbonization of road transport
S. Neugebauer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 68
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Multimodal Bayesian Network for Artificial Perception
D. Faria, L. Manso, C. Premebida, P. Núñez, E. Ribeiro

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 67

Abstract
In order to make machines perceive their external environment coherently, multiple sources of sensory information derived from several different modalities can be used (e.g. cameras, LIDAR, stereo, RGB-D, and radars). All these different sources of information can be efficiently merged to form a robust perception of the environment. Some of the mechanisms that underlie this merging of the sensor information are highlighted in this chapter, showing that depending on the type of information, different combination and integration strategies can be used and that prior knowledge are often required for interpreting the sensory signals efficiently. The notion that perception involves Bayesian inference is an increasingly popular position taken by a considerable number of researchers. Bayesian models have provided insights into many perceptual phenomena, showing that they are a valid approach to deal with real-world uncertainties and for robust classification, including classification in time-dependent problems. This chapter addresses the use of Bayesian networks applied to sensory perception in the following areas: mobile robotics, autonomous driving systems, advanced driver assistance systems, sensor fusion for object detection, and EEG-based mental states classification. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
In order to make machines perceive their external environment coherently, multiple sources of sensory information derived from several different modalities can be used (e.g. [...]
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Business model innovation in the smart mobility domain
R. Gilsing, E. Adali, O. Turetken, P. Grefen, B. Ozkan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 66

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a set of service-dominant BM blueprints designed in collaboration with several stakeholders in eight European cities. The BM blueprints have emerged from stakeholder workshops in these cities. As such, they are catered to the needs and context of the respective cities and aimed at guiding the implementation of C-ITS services for large-scale and sustainable business. However, the blueprints are designed in such a way that they can be adopted in other cities to address similar challenges they have.
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a set of service-dominant BM blueprints designed in collaboration with several stakeholders in eight European cities. The BM blueprints [...]
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Looking into the future: weaving the threads of vehicle automation
B. Pfleging, A. Meschtscherjakov, W. Ju, S. Borojeni, A. Riener, A. Kun, F. Flemisch, C. Janssen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 65

Abstract
Automated driving is one of the most discussed disruptive technologies of this decade. It promises to increase drivers' safety and comfort, improve traffic flow, and lower fuel consumption. This has a significant impact on our everyday life and mobility behavior. Beyond the passengers of the vehicle, it also impacts others, for example by lowering the barriers to visit distant relatives. In line with the CHI2019 conference theme, our aim is to weave the threads of vehicle automation by gathering people from different disciplines, cultures, sectors, communities, and backgrounds (designers, researchers, and practitioners) in one community to look into concrete future scenarios of driving automation and its impact on HCI research and practice. Using design fiction, we will look into the future and use this fiction to guide discussions on how automated driving can be made a technology that works for people and society.
Abstract
Automated driving is one of the most discussed disruptive technologies of this decade. It promises to increase drivers' safety and comfort, improve traffic flow, and lower [...]
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The Transforming Dutch City seen through the Infrastructural Changes: Railways and the Case of Amsterdam
R. Cavallo, J. Kuijper, R. Cavallo, H. de Boer, I. van der Wal

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 40

Abstract
The relation between infrastructures and urban transformations is a complex matter. When we look at the Randstad, this part of the Netherlands is characterized by not only its urban development in the last 150 years, but also by the fact that the territory changed; herein geomorphology, waterways, and railroads play an important role. Since the Middle Ages, a well-developed system of canals is ordering landscape and cities, while roads had shallow relevance. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that the first Dutch railroads were positioned parallel to the canals. Land expropriation was easier there and the railway layout could be kept as straight as possible, saving resources.
Abstract
The relation between infrastructures and urban transformations is a complex matter. When we look at the Randstad, this part of the Netherlands is characterized by not only [...]
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Towards Real-Time Head Pose Estimation: Exploring Parameter-Reduced Residual Networks on In-the-wild Datasets
I. Rieger, J. Garbas, T. Hauenstein, S. Hettenkofer

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 64

Abstract
Head poses are a key component of human bodily communication and thus a decisive element of human-computer interaction. Real-time head pose estimation is crucial in the context of human-robot interaction or driver assistance systems. The most promising approaches for head pose estimation are based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, CNN models are often too complex to achieve real-time performance. To face this challenge, we explore a popular subgroup of CNNs, the Residual Networks (ResNets) and modify them in order to reduce their number of parameters. The ResNets are modifed for different image sizes including low-resolution images and combined with a varying number of layers. They are trained on in-the-wild datasets to ensure real-world applicability. As a result, we demonstrate that the performance of the ResNets can be maintained while reducing the number of parameters. The modified ResNets achieve state-of-the-art accuracy and provide fast inference for real-time applicability.
Abstract
Head poses are a key component of human bodily communication and thus a decisive element of human-computer interaction. Real-time head pose estimation is crucial in the context [...]
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Transport de charges lourdes sur les voies navigables internes
M. Herdick, A. Hunold, H. Schaaff

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 37

Abstract
International audience; Die Nette verband das rÃ¶mische Steinbruch- und Bergbaurevier um Mayen mit dem Rhein als wichtiger WasserstraÃe. Ausgehend von der Nette werden die Argumente vorgestellt, welche fÃ¼r die Nutzung auch anderer kleiner WasserlÃ¤ufe fÃ¼r Schwerlasttransporte in der Antike sprechen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird besonders auf die Verteilung von rÃ¶mischen WerkstÃ¤tten, Lagern und GrabdenkmÃ¤lern entlang kleiner FlÃ¼sse hingewiesen.; The river Nette connected the Roman quarry and mining district around Mayen with the important waterway of the Rhine. Starting from the Nette the arguments are presented which speak for the use also of other small water courses for heavy load transport in Antiquity. In this context special reference is given to the distribution of Roman workshops, storehouses and funerary monuments along small rivers.; La Nette reliait le district des carriÃ¨res et des mines romaines autour de Mayen Ã l'importante voie navigable du Rhin. En se basant sur la Nette, des arguments sont prÃ©sentÃ©s qui plaident aussi en faveur de l'utilisation d'autres petits cours d'eau pour le transport de charges lourdes dans l'AntiquitÃ©. Dans ce contexte, une rÃ©fÃ©rence particuliÃ¨re est faite Ã la rÃ©partition des ateliers, des entrepÃ´ts et des monuments funÃ©raires romains le long des petits cours d'eau. Document type: Part of book or chapter of book
Abstract
International audience; Die Nette verband das rÃ¶mische Steinbruch- und Bergbaurevier um Mayen mit dem Rhein als wichtiger WasserstraÃe. Ausgehend von der Nette werden [...]
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Chapter 3 - Mobility on demand (MOD) and mobility as a service (MaaS): early understanding of shared mobility impacts and public transit partnerships
S. Shaheen, A. Cohen

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 34

Abstract
Technology is changing the way we move and reshaping cities and society. Shared and on-demand mobility represent notable transportation shifts in the 21st century. In recent years, mobility on demand (MOD)âwhere consumers access mobility, goods, and services on-demand by dispatching shared modes, courier services, public transport, and other innovative strategiesâhas grown rapidly due to technological advancements; changing consumer preferences; and a range of economic, environmental, and social factors. New attitudes toward sharing, MOD, and mobility as a service (MaaS) are changing traveler behavior and creating new opportunities and challenges for public transportation. This chapter discusses similarities and differences between the evolving concepts of MaaS and MOD. Next, it characterizes the range of existing public transit and MOD service models and enabling partnerships. The chapter also explores emerging trends impacting public transportation. While vehicle automation could result in greater public transit competition in the future, it could also foster new opportunities for transit enhancements (e.g., microtransit services, first- and last-mile connections, reduced operating costs). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how MOD/MaaS partnerships and automation could enable the public transit industry to reinvent itself, making it more attractive and competitive with private vehicle ownership and use.
Abstract
Technology is changing the way we move and reshaping cities and society. Shared and on-demand mobility represent notable transportation shifts in the 21st century. In recent [...]
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SPACERGY: Space-Energy Patterns for Smart Energy Infrastructures, Community Reciprocities and Related Governance.
D. Maiullari, M. Mosteiro-Romero, R. de Koning, A. van Timmeren, A. van Nes, A. Schlüter

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 62

Abstract
SPACERGY builds upon the need for planning authorities to develop new models to implement energy transition strategies in the urban environment, departing from the exploitation or reciprocity between space and energy systems. Several policies have been made by each EU nation, but effective and practical tools to guide the urban transformations towards a carbon-neutral future present several challenges. The first challenge is to confront long term changes in envisioning how a specific socio-cultural context can respond to the application of solutions for energy efficiency. Secondly, the engagement of communities in bottom-up approaches mainly includes the sphere of urban planning that underestimates the importance of relating spatial transformations with the energy performances generated in the urban environment. The third challenge regards the tools used for the assessment of the energy performance and the necessity of enlarging the scale in which energy demand is analyzed, from the scale of the building to that of the district. In this context, the project explores the role of mobility, spatial morphologies, infrastructural elements and local community participation in regards to the smart use of local resources. The project addresses a knowledge gap in relation to interactions and synergies between spatial programming, energy and mobility systems planning and stakeholder involvement necessary to improve models of development and governance of urban transformations."br/""br/"Based on detailed spatial morphology and energy use modeling, SPACERGY develops new toolsets and guidelines necessary to advance the implementation of energy-efficient urban districts. New toolsets are tested in three urban areas under development in the cities of Zurich, Almere, and Bergen, acting as living laboratories for real-time research and action in collaboration with local stakeholders. The results of this research project support planners and decision-makers to facilitate the transition of their communities to more efficient, livable and thus prosperous urban environments."br
Abstract
SPACERGY builds upon the need for planning authorities to develop new models to implement energy transition strategies in the urban environment, departing from the exploitation [...]
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Governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries of self-driving vehicle technology: Comparative analysis of Finland, UK and Germany
M. Mladenović, D. Stead, D. Milakis, K. Pangbourne, M. Givoni, N. Thomopoulo, B. van Wee

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2020). Vol. 2020, 31

Abstract
As an emerging technology, the potential deployment of self-driving vehicles (SDVs) in cities is attributed with significant uncertainties and anticipated consequences requiring responsible governance of innovation processes. Despite a growing number of studies on policies and governance arrangements for managing the introduction of SDVs, there is a gap in understanding about country-specific governance strategies and approaches. This chapter addresses this gap by presenting a comparative analysis of SDV-related policy documents in Finland, UK, and Germany, three countries which are actively seeking to promote the introduction of SDVs and which have distinct administrative traditions. Our analytical framework is based on the set of premises about technology as a complex sociotechnical phenomenon, operationalized using governance cultures and sociotechnical imaginaries concepts. Our comparative policy document analysis focuses on the assumed roles for SDV technology, the identified domains and mechanisms of governance, and the assumed actors responsible for steering the development process. The results highlight similarities in pro-automation values across three different countries, while also uncovering important differences outside the domain of traditional transport policy instruments. In addition, the results identify different types of potential technological determinism, which could restrict opportunities for responsiveness and divergent visions of mobility futures in Europe. Concluding with a warning against further depolitization of technological development and a dominant focus on economic growth, we identify several necessary directions for further developing governance and experimentation processes.
Abstract
As an emerging technology, the potential deployment of self-driving vehicles (SDVs) in cities is attributed with significant uncertainties and anticipated consequences requiring [...]
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Building resilient urban supply chains with public-private partnerships:The case of La Chapelle International, Paris
A. Saryazdi, M. Baron

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 61

Abstract
International audience; While public-private partnerships remain a valuable instrument to manage new infrastructures, asset specificity and high risk in innovative contexts call for public management. The chapter outlines the importance of public partnerships as a prerequisite to public-private partnerships in developing resilient urban logistics. After reviewing literature related to public partnerships and public-private partnerships, the authors focus their attention on the elaboration of the innovative âLa Chapelleâ International intermodal urban terminal in Paris. This chapter relies on former research in the fields of public, public-private partnerships, and urban freight logistics. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, it illustrates the application and consistency of these contributions in the urban freight logistics. From a managerial point of view, the chapter provides insight into cooperation regarding integrated urban freight logistics management in large cities.
Abstract
International audience; While public-private partnerships remain a valuable instrument to manage new infrastructures, asset specificity and high risk in innovative contexts [...]
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Evaluation of Asphaltenes Deposition Inhibition Factors in Heavy Crude Oil Pipelines
H. Husin, M. Elhaj, C. Wood

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 60
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Data-Driven Multi-step Demand Prediction for Ride-Hailing Services Using Convolutional Neural Network
Y. Hou, C. Wang, M. Barth

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 59

Abstract
Ride-hailing services are growing rapidly and becoming one of the most disruptive technologies in the transportation realm. Accurate prediction of ride-hailing trip demand not only enables cities to better understand people's activity patterns, but also helps ride-hailing companies and drivers make informed decisions to reduce deadheading vehicle miles traveled, traffic congestion, and energy consumption. In this study, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning model is proposed for multi-step ride-hailing demand prediction using the trip request data in Chengdu, China, offered by DiDi Chuxing. The CNN model is capable of accurately predicting the ride-hailing pick-up demand at each 1-km by 1-km zone in the city of Chengdu for every 10 minutes. Compared with another deep learning model based on long short-term memory, the CNN model is 30% faster for the training and predicting process. The proposed model can also be easily extended to make multi-step predictions, which would benefit the on-demand shared autonomous vehicles applications and fleet operators in terms of supply-demand rebalancing. The prediction error attenuation analysis shows that the accuracy stays acceptable as the model predicts more steps.
Abstract
Ride-hailing services are growing rapidly and becoming one of the most disruptive technologies in the transportation realm. Accurate prediction of ride-hailing trip demand [...]
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XIII. International Conference on Logistics in Agriculture 2019
J. Perša, A. Lisec

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 58

Abstract
The 13th International Conference on Logistics in Agriculture, which has been organized by the Municipality of Sevnica, Grm Novo mesto - Biotechnology and Tourism Center, Faculty of Logistics, University of Maribor, Landscape Governance College GRM, Cooperative Union of Slovenia has this year's central theme the role and importance of human resources in logistics in agriculture. The conference has become traditional and paves the way for a different view of logistics in connection with agriculture. That's why we have invited lecturers on the topic Electric vehicles in agriculture. 13. mednarodna konferenca Logistika v kmetijstvu, ki jo organiziramo ObÄina Sevnica, Grm Novo mesto â center biotehnike in turizma, Fakulteta za logistiko Univerze v Mariboru, Visoka Å¡ola za upravljanje podeÅ¾elja GRM Novo mesto in ZadruÅ¾na zveza Slovenije ima letoÅ¡njo osrednjo temo vloga in pomen ÄloveÅ¡kih virov pri logistiki v kmetijstvu. Konferenca je postala Å¾e tradicionalna in utira pot razliÄnim pogledom logistike v povezavi s kmetijstvom. Ravno zato imamo vabljenega predavatelja na temo ElektriÄna vozila v kmetijstvu.
Abstract
The 13th International Conference on Logistics in Agriculture, which has been organized by the Municipality of Sevnica, Grm Novo mesto - Biotechnology and Tourism Center, [...]
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Urban public transport
R. Turvey

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 56

Abstract
This book concerns the regulation of transport within a European context, covering air, inland waterways, rail, road passenger and freight, urban public transport, and short sea shipping. All these sectors have experienced substantial changes over the last two decades, in terms of ownership, competition and liberalisation, and the book explores the main transformations and their impacts. The authors address these issues, with a specific focus on the effects of the organisation and regulation of transport systems on their performance. They also provide timely policy recommendations, including possible European future policy initiatives.
Abstract
This book concerns the regulation of transport within a European context, covering air, inland waterways, rail, road passenger and freight, urban public transport, and short [...]
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LDM: Lineage-Aware Data Management in Multi-tier Storage Systems
P. Mishra, A. Somani

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 55

Abstract
We design and develop LDM, a novel data management solution to cater the needs of applications exhibiting the lineage property, i.e. in which the current writes are future reads. In such a class of applications, slow writes significantly hurt the over-all performance of jobs, i.e. current writes determine the fate of next reads. We believe that in a large scale shared production cluster, the issues associated due to data management can be mitigated at a way higher layer in the hierarchy of the I/O path, even before requests to data access are made. Contrary to the current solutions to data management which are mostly reactive and/or based on heuristics, LDM is both deterministic and pro-active. We develop block-graphs, which enable LDM to capture the complete time-based data-task dependency associations, therefore use it to perform life-cycle management through tiering of data blocks. LDM amalgamates the information from the entire data center ecosystem, right from the application code, to file system mappings, the compute and storage devices topology, etc. to make oracle-like deterministic data management decisions. With trace-driven experiments, LDM is able to achieve 29â52% reduction in over-all data center workload execution time. Moreover, by deploying LDM with extensive pre-processing creates efficient data consumption pipelines, which also reduces write and read delays significantly.
Abstract
We design and develop LDM, a novel data management solution to cater the needs of applications exhibiting the lineage property, i.e. in which the current writes are future [...]
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The AMBR Model Comparison Project: Round III — Modeling Category Learning
R. Pew, K. Gluck

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 53

Abstract
The AMBR Model Comparison Project: Round III â Modeling Category Learning Session Organizers: Kevin A. Gluck (kevin.gluck@williams.af.mil) Air Force Research Laboratory 6030 S. Kent St., Mesa, AZ 85212 USA Richard W. Pew (pew@bbn.com) BBN Technologies 10 Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138 USA The goal of the Agent-based Modeling and Behavior Representation (AMBR) Model Comparison Project is to advance the state of the art in cognitive modeling. It is organized as a series of model comparisons, moderated by a team from BBN Technologies. In each comparison, a challenging behavioral phenomenon is chosen for study. Data are collected from humans performing the task. Cognitive models representing different modeling architectures are created, run on the task, and then compared to the collected data. The current effort focuses on models of category learning in a dynamic, dual-task environment. Model comparisons such as this, especially with directly comparable human data are rare. While models of category learning are commonplace, the fact that these are models of integrative performance, not just models of category learning in isolation, makes this set of presentations unique. Experiment Design and Comparison of Human and Model Data David Diller (ddiller@bbn.com) Yvette Tenney (ytenney@bbn.com) BBN Technologies This experiment involved a classic concept learning task embedded in an air traffic control situation. Subjects had to learn to make correct decisions to accept or reject altitude change requests, based on three bi-variate properties of the aircraft (percent fuel remaining, aircraft size, and turbulence level). A novel feature of the experiment was the addition of multi-tasking to this concept learning paradigm. In addition to the altitude change requests (the concept learning task), the participant had to hand-off a number of aircraft to adjoining controllers (secondary task). The design consisted of 9 conditions, defined by 3 category structures and 3 workload levels. The three category structures, borrowed from Shepard, Hovland, and Jenkins (1961), were: single attribute relevant (Type I), a single-attribute rule plus exceptions (Type III), and no rule (Type VI). The three workload levels consisted of 0, 12, or 16 required handoffs, in addition to the 16 altitude requests. It was expected that both category structure and workload level would affect performance. There were 8 scenarios, or trials, lasting ten minutes each. One hour of training on the mechanics of the tasks preceded the trials. Ninety humans and four different human performance models described in subsequent abstracts were run through the scenarios. The interface, consisting of a radar screen with moving aircraft and action buttons, was designed to accommodate both humans and models. Humans were randomly assigned to one condition (ten per condition). The models were run one or more times in each condition. All of the modelers were given the human learning data as soon as they were collected, and while the models were still under development. It was expected, therefore, that they would fit the data fairly well. However, a transfer test (for which the modelers were not given the human data in advance) provides an opportunity to test the generalizability of the models predictions. Results for both humans and models will be presented on the effects of category structure and workload over trials. Human data and model data are available for the following measures: learning curves (probability of error) on the concept learning task, performance errors on the secondary task (missed and incorrect actions), reaction time on both the concept learning and secondary task, self rated workload ratings (collected from models too!), and self- reports on rule discovery and other strategies on the concept task (humans only). This presentation will set the stage for the modelers to describe the mechanisms and assumptions that allow their models to replicate the results. An EPIC-Soar Model of Concurrent Performance on a Category Learning and a Simplified ATC Task Ron S. Chong (rchong@gmu.edu) George Mason University Robert E. Wray (wray@soartech.com) Soar Technology, Inc. During the first phase of the AMBR project, we developed a model of a simplified en-route air traffic control task. That model was built using the EPIC-Soar architecture, an integration of the perceptual and motor systems of the EPIC architecture with Soar, a learning cognitive architecture. The task to be modeled for the current phase of AMBR is the combination of the same ATC task with a new concept acquisition task. Our approach to building the new model has been to reuse, in a modular fashion, previous Soar models for the subtasks. The ATC model is essentially the same as that of the previous AMBR phases. To produce the learning behavior, we have incorporated an existing process model of concept learning called SCA (symbolic concept acquisition). SCA was developed in Soar and has been
Abstract
The AMBR Model Comparison Project: Round III â Modeling Category Learning Session Organizers: Kevin A. Gluck (kevin.gluck@williams.af.mil) Air Force Research Laboratory [...]
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Corrosion Inhibitors
L. Shreir

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 52

Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their application in petroleum industry. Corrosion and scale deposition are the two most costly problems in oil industries. Corrosion inhibitors have been divided into many groups, such as: cathodic and anodic inhibitors, inorganic and organic corrosion inhibitors, or filming and nonfilming inhibitors. From the chemists's point of view, corrosion inhibitors can be classified into the following broad groupings: amides and imidazolines, salts of nitrogenous molecules with carboxylic acids, nitrogen quaternaries, polyoxylated amines, amides, imidazolines, and nitrogen heterocyclics. Low molecular weight corrosion inhibitors often change the surface tension of water. These groups act as surfactants, since they form a protective layer on the metal surfaces. Polymeric corrosion inhibitors act in the same way as ordinary low molecular weight inhibitors. Polymeric film-forming corrosion inhibitors differ from polymer coatings as they exhibit a specific interaction with the surface before the dry film is formed. Corrosion problems may occur in numerous systems within the petroleum industry. Many anticorrosion compositions involve environmentally dangerous products, such as chromates, fatty amines of high molecular weights, imidazolines, etc. The use of some of the alternatives, for instance, polyphosphate or polyphosphonate, is limited because they precipitate in the presence of the salts of alkaline earth metals, or because of their high costs.
Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their application in petroleum industry. Corrosion and scale deposition are the [...]
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Automatic Acrostic Couplet Generation with Three-Stage Neural Network Pipelines
X. Jing, J. Wang, S. Wang, B. Zhuang, H. Fan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 51

Abstract
As one of the quintessence of Chinese traditional culture, couplet compromises two syntactically symmetric clauses equal in length, namely, an antecedent and subsequent clause. Moreover, corresponding characters and phrases at the same position of the two clauses are paired with each other under certain constraints of semantic and/or syntactic relatedness. Automatic couplet generation is recognized as a challenging problem even in the Artificial Intelligence field. In this paper, we comprehensively study on automatic generation of acrostic couplet with the first characters defined by users. The complete couplet generation is mainly divided into three stages, that is, antecedent clause generation pipeline, subsequent clause generation pipeline and clause re-ranker. To realize semantic and/or syntactic relatedness between two clauses, attention-based Sequence-to-Sequence (S2S) neural network is employed. Moreover, to provide diverse couplet candidates for re-ranking, a cluster-based beam search approach is incorporated into the S2S network. Both BLEU metrics and human judgments have demonstrated the effectiveness of our proposed method. Eventually, a mini-program based on this generation system is developed and deployed on Wechat for real users.
Abstract
As one of the quintessence of Chinese traditional culture, couplet compromises two syntactically symmetric clauses equal in length, namely, an antecedent and subsequent clause. [...]
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Data-Driven Optimization of Public Transit Schedule
A. Dubey, S. Basak, S. Sengupta, F. Sun

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 49

Abstract
Bus transit systems are the backbone of public transportation in the United States. An important indicator of the quality of service in such infrastructures is on-time performance at stops, with published transit schedules playing an integral role governing the level of success of the service. However there are relatively few optimization architectures leveraging stochastic search that focus on optimizing bus timetables with the objective of maximizing probability of bus arrivals at timepoints with delays within desired on-time ranges. In addition to this, there is a lack of substantial research considering monthly and seasonal variations of delay patterns integrated with such optimization strategies. To address these,this paper makes the following contributions to the corpus of studies on transit on-time performance optimization: (a) an unsupervised clustering mechanism is presented which groups months with similar seasonal delay patterns, (b) the problem is formulated as a single-objective optimization task and a greedy algorithm, a genetic algorithm (GA) as well as a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are employed to solve it, (c) a detailed discussion on empirical results comparing the algorithms are provided and sensitivity analysis on hyper-parameters of the heuristics are presented along with execution times, which will help practitioners looking at similar problems. The analyses conducted are insightful in the local context of improving public transit scheduling in the Nashville metro region as well as informative from a global perspective as an elaborate case study which builds upon the growing corpus of empirical studies using nature-inspired approaches to transit schedule optimization.
Abstract
Bus transit systems are the backbone of public transportation in the United States. An important indicator of the quality of service in such infrastructures is on-time performance [...]
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A Bicycle-Borne Sensor Node for Monitoring Air Pollution Based on NB-IoT
S. Shen, X. Xu, X. Liu, C. Lv

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 48

Abstract
Nowadays, everybody knows that shared bicycles have become a new type of green transportation in the city. The impact on peopleâs health caused by air pollutants exposed near roads has become a concern in recent years. This paper introduces a device which consists of a particulate detector, temperature and humidity sensor, micro-SD card, GPS receiver and the NB-IoT communication module. The device can be installed as a sensor node on a shared bike, and a mobile sensor network has been set up on a shared bike to monitor air quality throughout the city, which is of great significance for urban air quality testing.
Abstract
Nowadays, everybody knows that shared bicycles have become a new type of green transportation in the city. The impact on peopleâs health caused by air pollutants exposed [...]
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Understanding consumer demand for new transport technologies and services, and implications for the future of mobility
A. Vij

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 46

Abstract
The transport sector is witnessing unprecedented levels of disruption. Privately owned cars that operate on internal combustion engines have been the dominant modes of passenger transport for much of the last century. However, recent advances in transport technologies and services, such as the development of autonomous vehicles, the emergence of shared mobility services, and the commercialization of alternative fuel vehicle technologies, promise to revolutionise how humans travel. The implications are profound: some have predicted the end of private car dependent Western societies, others have portended greater suburbanization than has ever been observed before. If transport systems are to fulfil current and future needs of different subpopulations, and satisfy short and long-term societal objectives, it is imperative that we comprehend the many factors that shape individual behaviour. This chapter introduces the technologies and services most likely to disrupt prevailing practices in the transport sector. We review past studies that have examined current and future demand for these new technologies and services, and their likely short and long-term impacts on extant mobility patterns. We conclude with a summary of what these new technologies and services might mean for the future of mobility.
Abstract
The transport sector is witnessing unprecedented levels of disruption. Privately owned cars that operate on internal combustion engines have been the dominant modes of passenger [...]
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Infrastructure and Environment
A. Khan

Collection of open chapters of books in transport research (2019). Vol. 2019, 45

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with what might broadly be subsumed under the heading of infrastructure. Infrastructure, physical and social, has many components of which we shall focus mainly on transport, energy, education and governance as the principal constraints to development in Bangladesh. Of these, we shall deal with the issues of governance in the concluding chapter.
Abstract
This chapter is concerned with what might broadly be subsumed under the heading of infrastructure. Infrastructure, physical and social, has many components of which we shall [...]
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- read