Abstract

This article presents a new algorithm based on the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithmic method for identifying a local optimum, at least on unconstrained nonlinear mixed-integer problems. The algorithmic method, Integer Mixed Simplex Algorithm (IMSA), so called by the author, is based on a double simplex structure, which is composed of a real n -dimensional simplex structure (real simplex) and an integer n -dimensional simplex structure (integer simplex). The original Nelder-Mead operations are applied on the real simplex. Meanwhile, a novel group of operations are applied on the integer simplex. This new set of operations, together with the original Nelder-Mead operations, guarantee a new trail point at each IMSA iteration in the search of the local optimum in the integer real mixed 2n -dimensional numerical field ℝn×ℤn without the need of integer to real conversions.

Abstract

In recent years there has been extensive development of the fire computer models, and its use in the study of the fire safety, fire investigation, etc. has been increased. The most important types of fire computer models are the field model and the zone model. The first model reaches a better approximation to fire dynamics, but the second one requires less computational time. Additionally, in the last years, it should be noted the great advances in information processing using artificial neural networks, and it has become a useful tool with application in very diverse fields. This paper analyzes the possibilities of develop a new fire computer model using artificial neural networks. In the first approach to this objective, a simple compartment was analyzed with a field model. After that, simulations employing General Regression Neural Network were performed. This method achieves similar results that the field model employing computational times closer to the zone models. The neural network has been trained with FDS field model and validating the resulting model with data from a full scale test. In later stages other phenomena and different types of networks will be evaluated.

Abstract

In this work, results of efficiencies for first and second law of thermodynamics applied to four box-type solar cookers with internal reflectors are shown. The solar cooker has two glasses on its cover to diminish the losses of heat for radiation and convection, besides creating the effect hothouse inside the cooker. The interior of the cooker has flat mirrors placed at different angles to reflect the solar radiation toward a recipient with water inside the cooker. The obtained results are based on heating water temperatures which were obtained by means of numeric simulation, allowing comparison under identical conditions of four solar cookers. The treatment of the results revealed that the quantity of energy that impacts on the solar cookers is not used in right way for the heating water ends. Most of the profitable energy is stored in the glasses of the cover, what evidences the necessity to work in the development of better materials to diminish such situation.

Abstract

Currently, many structures existing in seismic areas are highly vulnerable because they have been built without the use of seismic design codes or by using outdated codes. Often, methods for assessing the vulnerability of the structures do not take into account that their seismic behavior is dynamic and highly nonlinear and, moreover, that the structural characteristics and action have large uncertainties. This article aims to assess the vulnerability of structures taking into account that the mechanical properties of materials and the seismic action are random variables, by using advanced techniques based on the Monte Carlo method and on the nonlinear stochastic dynamics. The results obtained with these techniques are compared with those corresponding to a standard vulnerability assessment, based on deterministic models, in order to highlight the differences between both approaches. The main conclusion of this work is the need to address the vulnerability assessment problem from a probabilistic perspective which, combined with advanced nonlinear static and dynamic structural analysis techniques, provides a powerful tool giving information impossible to be captured by means of deterministic models. Finally, detailed results obtained for a building with waffle slabs, which is a structural typology widely used in Spain, are included and discussed.

Abstract

In this paper, the numerical method level set has been used to model the combustion process in an Otto two-stroke engine. The level set has been implemented in a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software based in finite volumes. The pressure and temperature fields have been obtained, such as the propagation of the flame front. In order to validate this model, the numerically obtained results have been compared with experimental data, verifying a satisfactory concordance between both of them. Besides, the level set method has been compared with other numerical procedure, showing the difference between both results.

Abstract

In this work we use the Unusual Stabilized Finite Element Method (USFEM) associated to Rothes method for solving the redistancing problem in the Level Set Method . Rothes method is used first for advancing the solution in (pseudo)time and USFEM for solving the resulting steady advective–reaction problem in each time step. Several 2D problems are solved and results compared with SUPG scheme supplemented with a nonlinear discontinuity–capturing operator.

Abstract

In order to design or redesign urban transportation networks, the employment of mathematical models is very useful for predicting the effects of possible modifications of implementing. Such models allow the determination of vehicular flows and travel times for every link of the network from the knowledge of its inherent features and the corresponding traffic demand. They are based on a phenomenological law of the social collective behavior of the drivers called Wardrop principle. It is an optimization problem, in general, very demanding from the computational point of view. In order to accelerate the computation process, in this paper, a continuum model for the urban traffic is proposed. The fundamental assumption behind this theory is that the variation of network properties is small in close regions when compared with the full system. Accordingly, it is possible to use continuous functions for representing travel times or vehicular flows. Essentially, the problem is formulated as a system of non-linear anisotropic diffusion (differential) equations that can be conveniently solved by means of the finite element method. The efficiency of the proposed model is studied by means of a comparison with results obtained with the classical optimization approach. As shown, the results are similar although the computation times are significantly reduced.

Abstract

Waffle-flat-plate structures have been widely used for residential and office buildings in the South of Europe between the seventies and nineties of the last century. These buildings were designed with old seismic codes and its vulnerability needs to be evaluated to determine whether they need to be seismic retrofitted or not. This article proposes a simple model that represents the moment transfer between plate and column, for existing exterior connections loaded in the direction normal to the building façade. The model takes into account singularities of existing waffle-flat-plate structures such as the concentration of reinforcement in the direction of the joints, and the existence of punching shear reinforcement. The model consists of frame elements for the columns and shell elements for the slabs, both connected with flexural and torsion hinges. The strength of the flexural hinges is obtained by estimating the portion of longitudinal reinforcement of the plate that transfers directly the unbalanced moment to the column by flexure. The yielding deformations of the flexural and torsion hinges are estimated with simple expressions. The ductility of the flexural hinges is taken from FEMA 356, while infinite ductility is adopted for the torsional hinges in accordance with previous experimental studies. It is shown that the proposed model provides a good approximation of the experimental response of the connection under monotonically increasing lateral displacements, in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility.

Abstract

Description of mechanical behavior of hard tissues by means of discrete models goes through various stages of analysis, which range from digital image processing to the specification of physical properties of tissue to the discrete model. This requires taking into account a key element: the decomposition of the model into its constituent parts. We conducted a bibliographic study of existing proposals for such decomposition, leading to the conclusion of the absence of a single strategy. There are several generic proposals, but these proved not to give a valid solution applicable to the cases examined corresponding to the articulations of the knee, hip and shoulder. In this paper we propose an algorithm to perform this decomposition by analyzing the spatial relationships between the contours present in consecutive planes. It is based on four stages: reading computer tomography (CT) slices, determining the contours that define bone tissue present on each slice, grouping of contours whose relationship meets a given criterion, and eliminating non-valid volumes. Results were compared with those obtained by means of Visualization ToolKit (VTK) and pyFormex, widely used in the visualization and analysis of medical imaging and modeling three-dimensional structures. As a main result, proposed algorithm under the same conditions and short processing time performs a better decomposition of anatomical models than the one made by VTK and pyFormex, with about a 90% of confidence.

Abstract

This work contributes to the study of nuclear plant thermal discharges in coastal areas by using a numerical model which solves the Navier-Stokes-Reynolds equations for shallow waters and the energy equation for computing temperature variations. The numerical model takes into account the heat flux given in the upper layer, where the free surface and the atmosphere interact. In this study, the thermal plume dispersion from the nuclear power plant Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico, is analyzed. Bathymetry, oceanographic, meteorological, hydrologic and plant operating data are used to run numerical simulations. The results are compared against observed data showing good agreement. The Nash-Suffles criterion is also applied to verify the quality of the numerical solution obtaining suitable results.

Abstract

This work shows the wave propagation in fluid-solid interfaces due to dynamic excitations, such interface waves are known as Scholtes waves. We studied a wide range of elastic solid materials used in engineering. The interface connects an acoustic medium (fluid) and another solid. It has been shown that by means of an analysis of diffracted waves in a fluid, it is possible to deduce the mechanical characteristics of the solid medium, specifically, its propagation velocities. For this purpose, the diffracted field of pressures and displacements, due to an initial pressure in the fluid, are expressed using boundary integral representations, which satisfy the equation of motion. The initial pressure in the fluid is represented by a Hankels function of second kind and zero order. The solution to this problem of wave propagation is obtained by means of the Indirect Boundary Element Method, which is equivalent to the well-known Somiglianas representation theorem. The validation of the results was performed by means of the Discrete Wave Number Method. Firstly, spectra of pressures to illustrate the behavior of the fluid for each solid material considered are included, then, the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm to display the results in the time domain is applied, where the emergence of Scholtes waves and the amount of energy that they carry are highlighted.

Abstract

Freezing is an important step in the manufacturing process of ice-cream and sorbet, since the operating conditions have a strong influence on the micro-structure, and consequently on the sensorial attributes of the final product. This steep of freezing is carried out by a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) where the product quality is conditioned by process conditions as the evaporation temperature of a refrigerant fluid, the mix flow rate, the dasher speed and the cylinder pressure due to the air introduction. In order to study the relevance of a control system based on the influence of process variables on product quality, this paper presents a model for a continuous crystallization of a sorbet using the method of moments, which is validated by experimental data.The model created by this methodology has been able to represent the influence of the process conditions during the crystallization of the sorbet on the final product characteristics such as crystal size and the draw temperature in the outlet of the SSHE in absence of air. The model based in moments is studied as a reduced model of the population balance equation and includes the phenomena of heterogeneous nucleation and growth. This model developed represents minimal computational requirements and is highly adapted for optimization and/or process control tasks.

Abstract

This work covers a contribution to two most interesting research fields in aerodynamics, the finite element analysis of high-speed compressible flows (Part I) and aerodynamic shape optimization (Part II).The first part of this study aims at the development of a new stabilization formulation based on the Finite Increment Calculus (FIC) scheme for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in the context of the Galerkin finite element method (FEM). The FIC method is based on expressing the balance of fluxes in a space-time domain of finite size. It is tried to prevent the creation of instabilities normally presented in the numerical solutions due to the high convective term and sharp gradients.In order to overcome the typical instabilities happening in the numerical solution of the high-speed compressible flows, two stabilization terms, called streamline term and transverse term, are added through the FIC formulation in space-time domain to the original conservative equations of mass, momentum and energy. Generally, the streamline term holding the direction of the velocity is responsible for stabilizing the spurious solutions produced from the convective term while the transverse term smooths the solution in the high gradient zones. An explicit fourth order Runge-Kutta scheme is implemented to advance the solution in time.In order to investigate the capability of the proposed formulation, some numerical test examples corresponding to subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes for inviscid and viscous flows are presented. The behavior of the proposed stabilization technique in providing appropriate solutions has been studied especially near the zones where the solution has some complexities such as shock waves, boundary layer, stagnation point, etc. Although the derived methodology delivers precise results with a nearly coarse mesh, the mesh refinement technique is coupled in the solution to create a suitable mesh particularly in the high gradient zones.The comparison of the numerical results obtained from the FIC formulation with the reference ones demonstrates the robustness of the proposed method for stabilization of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. It is observed that the usual oscillations occur in the Galerkin FEM, especially near the high gradient zones, are cured by implementing the proposed stabilization terms. Furthermore, allowing the adaptation framework to modify the mesh, the quality of the results improves significantly.The second part of this thesis proposes a procedure for aerodynamic shape optimization combining Genetic Algorithm (GA) and mesh refinement technique. In particular, it is investigated the effect of mesh refinement on the computational cost and solution accuracy during the process of aerodynamic shape optimization. Therefore, an adaptive remeshing technique is joined to the CFD solver for the analysis of each design candidate to guarantee the production of more realistic solutions during the optimum design process in the presence of shock waves.In this study, some practical transonic airfoil design problems using adaptive mesh techniques coupled to Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithms (MOGAs) and Euler flow analyzer are addressed. The methodology is implemented to solve three practical design problems; the first test case considers a reconstruction design optimization that minimizes the pressure error between a predefined pressure curve and candidate pressure distribution. The second test considers the total drag minimization by designing airfoil shape operating at transonic speeds. For the final test case, a multi-objective design optimization is conducted to maximize both the lift to drag ratio (L/D) and lift coefficient (Cl). The solutions obtained with and without adaptive mesh refinement are compared in terms of solution accuracy and computational cost. These design problems under transonic speeds need to be solved with a fine mesh, particularly near the object, to capture the shock waves that will cost high computational time and require solution accuracy.By comparison of the the numerical results obtained with both optimization problems, the obtainment of direct benefits in the reduction of the total computational cost through a better convergence to the final solution is evaluated. Indeed, the improvement of the solution quality when an adaptive remeshing technique is coupled with the optimum design strategy can be judged.

Abstract

El Centro Internacional de Métodos Numéricos en Ingeniería (CIMNE) es un centro de investigación dependiente del Gobierno de Cataluña y de la Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña creado en 1987. Su principal actividad es el desarrollo y aplicación de métodos numéricos innovadores para resolver problemas prácticos en diversos campos de la ingeniería, y se desarrolla fundamentalmente en el marco de proyectos de investigación nacionales e internacionales. En los últimos años el centro ha participado en diversos proyectos relacionados con la seguridad de presas, fundamentalmente hidráulica, pero también estructural, en cooperación con diversas empresas y organismos públicos de investigación como el CEDEX y la UPM. La presente comunicación describe brevemente los objetivos principales de los mencionados proyectos, haciendo hincapié en cómo la modelación numérica ha contribuido a alcanzarlos.