Abstract

A fully Lagrangian compressible numerical framework for the simulation of underwater implosion of a large air bubble is presented. Both air and water are considered compressible and the equations for the Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics are stabilized via a variationally consistent multiscale method. A nodally perfect matched definition of the interface is used and then the kinetic variables, pressure and density, are duplicated at the interface level. An adaptive mesh generation procedure, which respects the interface connectivities, is applied to provide enough refinement at the interface level. This framework is verified by several benchmarks which evaluate the behavior of the numerical scheme for severe compression and expansion cases. This model is then used to simulate the underwater implosion of a large cylindrical bubble, with a size in the order of cm. We observe that the conditions within the bubble are nearly uniform until the converging pressure wave is strong enough to create very large pressures near the center of the bubble. These bubble dynamics occur on very small spatial (0.3 mm), and time (0.1 ms) scales. During the final stage of the collapse Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities appear at the interface and then disappear when the rebounce starts. At the end of the rebounce phase the bubble radius reaches 50% of its initial value and the bubble recover its circular shape. It is when the second collapse starts, with higher mode shape instabilities excited at the bubble interface, that leads to the rupture of the bubble. Several graphs are presented and the pressure pulse detected in the water is compared by experiment.

Abstract

This paper presents the application of a stabilized mixed pressure/velocity finite element formulation to the solution of viscoplastic non-Newtonian flows. Both Bingham and Herschel–Bulkley models are considered.

The detail of the discretization procedure is presented and the Orthogonal Subgrid Scale (OSS) stabilization technique is introduced to allow for the use of equal order interpolations in a consistent way. The matrix form of the problem is given.

A series of examples is presented to assess the accuracy of the method by comparison with the results obtained by other authors. The extrusion in a Bingham fluid and the movement of a moving and rotating cylinder are analyzed in detail. The evolution of the streamlines, the yielded and unyielded regions, the drag and lift forces are presented.

These benchmark examples show the capacity of the mixed OSS formulation to reproduce the behavior of a Bingham and Herschel–Bulkley flows with the required accuracy.