Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Given the significant current challenges for the socio-economic situation of the country, it is important to monitor the main indicators of the financial situation of the public, which emphasizes the relevance of this work. The goal of the study is to analyze statistical and sociological indicators of income and poverty of the population, as well as the need for additional social assistance. The objectives of the study are to analyze the dynamics of the following indicators: real disposable incomes of the population, the real size of the assigned pensions, the real wages of employees of various organizations, the retail turnover, the consumer price index, the total cash income, the amount of remuneration for employees of various organizations, the structure of cash income, the usage structure of cash incomes, the share of the population with cash incomes below the poverty line. Within the framework of the sociological section, the objective of the study is to analyze the public opinion about the financial situation of the families and its change, the availability of savings, and the need for social support. The methods used include the review of Rosstat data for 2022, as well as the analysis of findings from a survey conducted by RANEPA during 2022. The object of the study is the financial situation of the population in Russia. The subject of the study is the dynamics of indicators describing income and poverty. The results of the study show that in 2022 there is a decrease in real wages, real pensions and real disposable incomes of the population, retail trade turnover, and an increase in inflation. All this indicates an increase in the risks of poverty. Polls show that about a quarter of the population only has enough money to buy food, or even less than that; almost a third of the respondents have per capita incomes of less than 1 subsistence minimum. More than a third of the respondents have practically no savings: if they happen to lose all their income streams, they will be able to cover current expenses for no more than one month. More than half of the respondents report their need for additional social payments, more than 20% talk about the need for free food packages.  

Abstract

The progressive tax system is a tax structure in which the tax rate increases as the taxpayer's income level increases. This means that people with higher incomes pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes than people with lower incomes. The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that currently the issues of reducing inequality and increasing economic growth remain on the agenda of both developed and developing countries, and for the latter the problem of reducing poverty remains acute. In turn, tax system reforms have an impact on the macroeconomic indicators listed above and, thus, can serve as a tool for regulating inequality and poverty, as well as a way to accelerate economic growth. The main purpose of the study is to systematize the results of empirical studies examining the impact of progressive taxation reforms on inequality, poverty and economic growth in countries with different levels of development (subject of the study). A review of academic literature (source of information) devoted to the analysis of the impact of progressive tax reforms on inequality, poverty and economic growth in developed and developing economies contributes to the achievement of the stated goal (research objectives). The study was conducted using such methods as descriptive, statistical and graphical analysis, data analysis, a systematic approach, and comparative analysis. According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that 1) progressive taxation reforms can play a significant role in reducing income inequality in developed countries by redistributing income and providing financing for social programs and services that benefit low-income households; 2) the impact of such reforms on economic growth in developed countries depends on the specific structure of the tax system. the system and the broader economic context in which reforms are being implemented; 3) the described reforms can potentially become an effective tool for poverty reduction in developing countries, but their success will depend on a number of factors, including the specific conditions of each country and the quality of governance and institutions; 4) the impact of progressive tax reforms on economic growth in developing countries is a complex issue that depends on various factors, and the actual impact it can vary greatly depending on the specific circumstances of the country under consideration (scientific novelty of the work). In this regard, a promising direction for future research on this issue is a review of the main approaches to modeling the impact of progressive taxation reforms on macro indicators in developed and developing countries. The results of the review can also be used to develop tax policy measures in the Russian Federation aimed at reducing inequality and increasing economic growth in the country. 

Abstract

Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.

Abstract

The homogeneous series of the Living Conditions Survey (ECV) has now been running for 10 years, and there is already a reference period covering the decade 2013-2023, which allows us to verify the evolution of income and inequality from the recovery of the financial crisis to the present day, including the 2020 health crisis. There are different factors that condition the improvement in terms of available income, but one of the most important, and which justifies the present work, is age. The document analyzes the evolution of income for three age groups: those under 16, young people aged 16 to 39, and finally, individuals over 64. This age-based analysis will also address another component of the AROPE rate: the severe material deprivation rate (PMS). Thus, a very different evolution of income is observed depending on the age group. Between 2013 and 2023, the real income increase for young people (16-39) was 8.9%, while for those over 64 it was 17.2%. In this analysis, it cannot be overlooked that the main source of income for those aged 16-39 is wages, while for older people, the main source of income is pensions. Another indicator of analysis is the Poverty Risk Rate (TRP), which shows the percentage of people with incomes below 60% of the median of the distribution, indicating significant differences by age. Thus, while older people have a TRP of 14.2%, for those under 16, it is 27.1%. At this point, the work will reflect on the EU-SILC methodology, which does not take into account certain forms of support for children that materialize in kind, and how this could overestimate child poverty. Finally, the PMS rate is analyzed according to the three age groups studied, which can verify the high degree of relative well-being of older people, contrasting with higher PMS rates for younger people: among young people aged 16-29, the PMS rate was 11.1% in 2023, while for those over 64, it was 4.1%. Again, this fact cannot be dissociated from the loss of purchasing power, as well as the connection with their housing situation, with a predominance of ownership for older people, and renting for younger ones.

Abstract

Els programes de garantia d'ingressos mínims, en les seves diferents modalitats (rendes mínimes, rendes garantides, complements salarials, prestacions per menors a càrrec, complements de pensions i d'altres), son una eina fonamental per combatre la pobresa monetària i, en general, l'exclusió social. A les societats avançades, aquests programes han cobrat centralitat els darrers anys a causa de la pandèmia i la crisi, i han suscitat nombrosos estudis d'avaluació ex-ante i ex-post. Malgrat aquesta profusió d'interès polític i acadèmic, l'anàlisi d'aquests programes no sempre segueix uns criteris homogenis ni adopta una definició similar de molts paràmetres clau, el que contribueix a que la literatura entorn el seu funcionament sigui poc coherent. Part de la disparitat de criteris per avaluar aquestes polítiques rau en el fet que manca una discussió explícita i clara sobre diversos dels elements importants a l'hora de dissenyar i implementar aquestes polítiques.

El propòsit principal d'aquesta comunicació és identificar i conceptualitzar els paràmetres clau per a l'avaluació de polítiques de garantia d'ingressos, revisant com diferents definicions d'aquests paràmetres poden influir en la seva anàlisi. Amb aquest objectiu, s'explora una sèrie de dimensions essencials per desenvolupar avaluacions efectives sobre l'adequació, el funcionament i l'impacte de les polítiques de garantia d’ingressos.

En primer lloc, s'aborden aspectes relacionats amb com es defineix la pobresa en el marc d'aquestes polítiques; un aspecte clau a l'hora de determinar qui n'és elegible, quina quantia tindran i com es valorarà la protecció que donen. En termes generals, no està clar que vol dir garantir un ingrés adequat. A tall il·lustratiu, per exemple, hi ha debat sobre si la pobresa s'ha de mesurar a nivell absolut o relatiu, en termes monetaris o d'exclusió social o a nivell de llar o individual o de si aquestes polítiques s'han de dirigir a la pobresa estructural o la sobrevinguda. Analitzar aquestes qüestions es clau per poder avaluar si aquestes polítiques arriben a tothom que les necessita i assoleixen un nivell adequat de protecció.

En segon lloc, es discuteixen els requisits d'accés a aquestes prestacions, que sovint combinen diversos criteris com ingressos, patrimoni, participació laboral, i període de residència i empadronament. La justificació d'aquests requisits sovint no és transparent, i la interacció entre ells pot resultar contradictòria. Entendre la lògica darrere de cada requisit i la seva interrelació és fonamental per avaluar adequadament el disseny i l'impacte de les polítiques.

Finalment, es discuteix la definició d'èxit d'aquests programes. Comunament, se'ls atribueix la doble funció de protegir contra la pobresa i fomentar la sortida d'aquesta situació mitjançant l'activació laboral. No obstant això, aquests dos objectius poden seguir lògiques diferents i no sempre complementàries, el que pot conduir a interpretacions contradictòries sobre l'eficàcia d'aquestes polítiques.

Així doncs, aquesta comunicació busca proporcionar una base més clara i sistemàtica per a l’anàlisi de les polítiques de garantia d'ingressos, destacant la necessitat d'un marc coherent que permeti una comprensió més adequada dels seus impactes i limitacions.

Abstract

The homogeneous series of the Living Conditions Survey (ECV) has now been running for 10 years, and there is already a reference period covering the decade 2013-2023, which allows us to verify the evolution of income and inequality from the recovery of the financial crisis to the present day, including the 2020 health crisis. There are different factors that condition the improvement in terms of available income, but one of the most important, and which justifies the present work, is age. The document analyzes the evolution of income for three age groups: those under 16, young people aged 16 to 39, and finally, individuals over 64. This age-based analysis will also address another component of the AROPE rate: the severe material deprivation rate (PMS). Thus, a very different evolution of income is observed depending on the age group. Between 2013 and 2023, the real income increase for young people (16-39) was 8.9%, while for those over 64 it was 17.2%. In this analysis, it cannot be overlooked that the main source of income for those aged 16-39 is wages, while for older people, the main source of income is pensions. Another indicator of analysis is the Poverty Risk Rate (TRP), which shows the percentage of people with incomes below 60% of the median of the distribution, indicating significant differences by age. Thus, while older people have a TRP of 14.2%, for those under 16, it is 27.1%. At this point, the work will reflect on the EU-SILC methodology, which does not take into account certain forms of support for children that materialize in kind, and how this could overestimate child poverty. Finally, the PMS rate is analyzed according to the three age groups studied, which can verify the high degree of relative well-being of older people, contrasting with higher PMS rates for younger people: among young people aged 16-29, the PMS rate was 11.1% in 2023, while for those over 64, it was 4.1%. Again, this fact cannot be dissociated from the loss of purchasing power, as well as the connection with their housing situation, with a predominance of ownership for older people, and renting for younger ones.

Abstract