Economic growth, transport accessibility and regional equity impacts of high-speed railways in Italy: ten years ex post evaluation and future perspectives

Abstract

Highlights • HSR had impacts on socio-economic, territorial and transport systems in several countries. • The paper analyses the impacts induced by HSR services in Italy after ten years of operation. • Italy represents the first case of competitive HSR market without public subsidies. • Competition between HSR operators brought a significant decrease in ticket prices (-40%) • HSR passengers/year passed from 15 to 45 millions (+200%) in 10 years. • HSR contributed, in 10 years, to an increase of the rail-based transport accessibility up to + 30% • HSR contributed to an extra growth of per capita GDP of + 2.6–5.6% in 10 years. • Regional equity in terms of travel time accessibility decreased by 11% in 10 years. • Extension of the HSR network would increase accessibility (+18%), economic growth (+3.6%) and equity (+49%)

The deployment of HSR services in the recent decades has been, arguably, the most significant innovation for intercity travel around the globe. HSR has brought impacts which have been widely studied in different countries in relation to the different socioeconomic, territorial and transport characteristics. This paper analyses the economic growth, the transport accessibility and the social impacts observed in Italy after ten years of HSR operation, as well as the estimated impacts of the system completion. The Italian case study is of particular interest since along the 1,467 km of new high speed line (300 km/h), a combination of major cities distances and a unique HSR competitive market, producing prices reductions and more daily trains, brought a 200% increase of HSR demand (from 15 to 45 millions of passengers/year). Estimations results show that, on average, HSR in Italy contributed to a significant increase in transport accessibility (+32%) for the zones along the HSR network, while only marginal for the others (+6%). Impacts on the economic growth show that HSR has contributed to an extra growth of per capita GDP of + 2.6% in 10 years and would have contributed to a further increase of 3.6% if the final project scenario (HSR_N) would had been completed by 2018. Regional (horizontal) equity impacts were evaluated in terms of the Gini indexes variations with respect to the distribution of the transport accessibility. It results that HSR in Italy has decreased equity in terms of users’ travel time accessibility of 11%, increasing the differences between the zones served by HSR and those not. If the HSR_N scenario would have been completed equity indices would have increased of 29% with respect to the pre-HSR 2008 scenario, thus reducing regional inequalities in the country. Results show that the HSR project was a country-level “game changer” in Italy, suggesting that the wider economic benefits, the assumptions on market regulation, the effects on regional disparities and the compensatory measures should be included in the ex ante and ex post evaluation of similar projects.