Environmental Impact Assessment of the Transportation Sector and Hybrid Vehicle Implications in Palestine

Abstract

During the last two decades, the development of sustainable transportation systems has been highlighted as a key element in solving environmental problems related to climate change and impacts on greenhouse gases. Globally, the transportation sector has become one of the main contributors to these environmental problems. Thus, the environmental impact assessment of this sector and the implications of new vehicle technologies have begun to be considered as first steps for any long-term future strategies in this sector. In Palestine, the lack of environmental data related to the transportation sector and the absence of studies that address the new vehicle technologies (such as hybrid vehicles) and their future implications make it difficult to set up any future strategies or plans. In this study, the current and the future environmental impacts of the transportation sector have been assessed, and the future implications of hybrid vehicles have been determined. The gross domestic product (GDP), population, and the number of vehicles for the period 1994–2018 have been used to develop an auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) prediction model for the future number of vehicles. Then, the total traveled kilometers and the total consumed fuels (by diesel and gasoline vehicles) have been predicted. After that, the current and future (2020 and 2030) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄, have been estimated. Finally, the future implications of hybrid vehicles, based on two scenarios (10% and 20% hybrid vehicles) have been estimated. The results have showed that the estimated CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ emissions from the transportation sector in 2020 are 4,842,164.5, 213.8, and 445.8 tons, which are very high, and even much higher than the total national emissions of 2014 (the only officially available data). Moreover, in 2030, replacing 20% of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) by hybrid vehicles would lead to 4.66% and 13.31% reductions in CO₂ and N₂O, respectively, as compared to 100% ICEVs, while the CH₄ emissions will increase. However, the overall CO₂-equivalent will decrease by 5%; therefore, a more sustainable transport system will be achieved.

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• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/19/7878/pdf under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/19/7878,

https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 under the license cc-by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/19/7878,

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/19/7878/pdf,

https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197878,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3088529784

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/19/7878/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197878

under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/