La utilización de algoritmos en las estrategias de los partidos políticos adquiere importancia sobre todo con los datos masivos (big data) y la automatización de la producción y circulación de contenidos en red a partir de datos personales. A través de un análisis cualitativo con entrevistas en profundidad a asesores y consultores políticos se estudia el alcance de la comunicación algorítmica, sus fortalezas, debilidades e implicaciones para la democracia, con el objetivo de diseñar un escenario real de la información robotizada. Los resultados confirman su implantación generalizada en los principales partidos españoles, si bien su grado de desarrollo es irregular. Los sistemas automatizados de información se están usando fundamentalmente para pre-producción y circulación del mensaje, y se comienza a implementar en producción. Los robots avanzan en su camino como infomediadores entre los políticos y los ciudadanos.
Anderson, Christopher (2013). “Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism”. New media & society, v. 15, n. 7, pp. 1005-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812465137
Arcila-Calderón, Carlos; Ortega-Mohedano, Félix; Jiménez-Amores, Javier; Trullenque, Sofía (2017). “Análisis supervisado de sentimientos políticos en español: clasificación en tiempo real de tweets basada en aprendizaje automático”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 5, pp. 973-982. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.sep.18
Bessi, Alessandro; Ferrara, Emilio (2016). “Social bots distort the 2016 US Presidential election online discussion”. First Monday, v. 21, n. 11. http://firstmonday.org/article/view/7090/5653
Campos-Domínguez, Eva; Calvo, Dafne (2017). “La campaña electoral en internet: planificación, repercusión y viralización en Twitter durante las elecciones españolas de 2015”. Comunicación y sociedad, n. 29, pp. 93-116. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=34650597006
Campos-Domínguez, Eva; Redondo-García, Marta; Cala-Siria, Reyes; Rodríguez-Pallares, Miriam; Fiuri, Erika; Risueño, Iván (2017). “La organización y estrategias de la cibercampaña de los partidos políticos españoles: 2015-2016. En: Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
Carlson, Matt (2015). “The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
Chadwick, Andrew (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford, UK: Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. ISBN: 978 0 199759477 Coddington, Mark (2015). “Clarifying journalism’s quantitative turn: A typology for evaluating data journalism, computational journalism, and computer-assisted reporting”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976400
Dader, José-Luis (2017). “Campañas públicas ‘online’. La realidad española frente al horizonte internacional del ‘tecnocabildeo’”. En: Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
Dader, José-Luis; Campos-Domínguez, Eva (coords.) (2017). La búsqueda digital del voto. Cibercampañas electorales en España 2015-16. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch. ISBN: 978 84 91691846
Dommett, Katharine (2018). “Roadblocks to interactive digital adoption? Elite perspectives of party practices in the United Kingdom”. Party politics, Febr. 27th. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068818761196
Dörr, Konstantin (2016). “Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 4, n. 6, pp. 700-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748
Ferrara, Emilio (2017). “Disinformation and social bot operations in the run up to the 2017 French presidential election”. ArXiv 1707.00086. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.00086.pdf
Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (2016). “The rise of social bots”. Communications of the ACM, v. 59, n. 7, pp. 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1145/2818717
Forelle, Michelle; Howard, Philip N.; Monroy-Hernández, Andrés; Savage, Saiph (2015). “Political bots and the manipulation of public opinion in Venezuela”. SSRN, July 25th. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2635800
García-Orosa, Berta; Vázquez-Sande, Pablo; López-García, Xosé (2017). “Narrativas digitales de los principales partidos políticos de España, Francia, Portugal y Estados Unidos”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 589-600. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.jul.03
Graefe, Andreas (2016). Guide to automated journalism. Columbia: Columbia Journalism School. https://towcenter.org/research/guide-to-automated-journalism
Gutiérrez-Rubí, Antoni (2016). “Bots para la comunicación política”. Antoni Gutiérrez-Rubí, 2 noviembre. https://www.gutierrez-rubi.es/2016/11/02/bots-en-comunicacion-politica
Gutiérrez-Rubí, Antoni (2018). “¿Asistentes virtuales también para partidos y políticos?”. El país, 26 febrero. https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2018/02/26/micropolitica/1519636154_945042.html
Haim, Mario; Graefe, Andreas (2017). “Automated news”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 8, pp. 1044-1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1345643
Hamilton, James T.; Turner, Fred (2009). Accountability through algorithm: Developing the field of computational journalism. Report from Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences, Summer Workshop, 27-31 July. http://web.stanford.edu/~fturner/Hamilton%20Turner%20Acc%20by%20Alg%20Final.pdf
Howard, Philip N.; Kollanyi, Bence; Woolley, Samuel (2016). “Bots and automation over Twitter during the US election”. Computational propaganda project: Working paper series. http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/bots-and-automation-over-twitter-during-the-u-s-election
Howard, Philip N.; Woolley, Samuel; Calo, Ryan (2018). “Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration”. Journal of information technology & politics, v. 15, n. 2, pp. 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735
Jung, Jaemin; Song, Haeyeop; Kim, Youngju; Im, Hyunsuk; Oh, Sewook (2017). “Intrusion of software robots into journalism: The public’s and journalists’ perceptions of news written by algorithms and human journalists”. Computers in human behavior, v. 71, pp. 291-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.022
Just, Natascha; Latzer, Michael (2017). “Governance by algorithms: Reality construction by algorithmic selection on the internet”. Media, culture & society, v. 39, n. 2, pp. 238-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443716643157
Kreiss, Daniel (2014). “Seizing the moment: The presidential campaigns’ use of Twitter during the 2012 electoral cycle”. New media & society, v. 18, n. 8, pp. 1473-1490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814562445
Kreiss, Daniel; Jasinski, Christopher (2016). “The tech industry meets presidential politics: Explaining the democratic party’s technological advantage in electoral campaigning, 2004-2012”. Political communication, v. 33, n. 4, pp. 544-562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2015.1121941
Kvale, Steinar (2011). Las entrevistas en investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Ediciones Morata. ISBN: 978 84 71126306
Lewis, Seth C. (2015). “Journalism in an era of big data. Cases, concepts and critiques”. Digital journalism, v. 3, n. 3, pp. 321-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976399
Lilleker, Darren G.; Tenscher, Jens; Štětka, Václav (2015). “Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media’s importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective”. Information, communication and society, v. 18, n. 7, pp. 747-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.993679
Lim, Yon-Soo; Park, Han-Woo (2013). “The structural relationship between politicians’ web visibility and political finance networks: A case study of South Korea’s National Assembly members”. New media & society, v. 15, n. 1, pp. 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444812457335
Lindén, Carl-Gustav (2017). “Decades of automation in the newsroom”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 2, pp. 123-140 https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1160791
López-Urrea, Laura-María; Páez-Valdez, Julián-Enrique; Cuellar-Rodríguez, Arlex-Darwin (2016). “El discurso político mediado por ordenadores: Análisis del discurso en las cuentas del presidente Juan Manuel Santos y del ex presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez en la red social digital Twitter”. Revista nexus comunicación, n. 19, pp. 110-129. https://doi.org/10.25100/nc.v0i19.666
Mattelart, Armand; Vitalis, André (2015). De Orwell al cibercontrol. Barcelona: Gedisa. ISBN: 978 84 9784 884 8
McEnnis, Simon (2017). “Playing on the same pitch. Attitudes of sports journalists towards fan blogger”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 5, pp. 549-566. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1246374
Montal, Tal; Reich, Zvi (2017). “I, robot. You, journalist. Who is the author? Authorship, bylines and full disclosure in automated journalism”. Digital journalism, v. 5, n. 7, pp. 829-849. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083
Murthy, Dhiraj; Powell, Alison B.; Tinati, Ramine; Anstead, Nick; Carr, Leslie; Halford, Susan J.; Weal, Mark (2016). “Automation, algorithms, and politics| Bots and political influence: A sociotechnical investigation of social network capital”. International journal of communication, v. 10, n. 20, pp. 4952-4971. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6271
Napoli, Philip M. (2014). “Automated media : An institutional theory perspective on algorithmic media production and consumption”. Communication theory, v. 24, n. 3, pp. 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12039
Orcutt, Mike (2012). “Twitter mischief plagues Mexico’s election”. MIT technology review, June 21st. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/428286/twitter-mischief-plagues-mexicos-election
Persily, Nathaniel (2016). “Can democracy survive the internet?”. Journal of democracy, v. 28, n. 2, pp. 63-76. https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/07_28.2_Persily-web.pdf
Puyosa, Iria (2017). “Bots políticos en Twitter en la campaña presidencial #Ecuador2017”. Contratexto, n. 27, pp. 39-60. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto.2017.027.002
Qu, Sandy; Dumay, John (2011). “The qualitative research interview”. Qualitative research in accounting & management, v. 8, n. 3, pp. 238-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/11766091111162070
Redondo, Marta; Calvo, Dafne; Díez-Garrido, María (2017). “Calisto, un software para la construcción del discurso político”. El profesional de la información, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 756-764. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2017.jul.19
Salas, Javier (2018). “Los ‘bots’ contaminaron el 1 de octubre con un millón de tuits”. El país, 22 febrero. https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2018/02/22/actualidad/1519294934_671924.html
Sánchez-Gonzales, Hada M.; Sánchez-González, María (2017). “Los bots como servicio de noticias y de conectividad emocional con las audiencias. El caso de Politibot”. Doxa comunicación, n. 25, pp. 63-84. http://dspace.ceu.es/bitstream/10637/8765/1/Bots_HadaSanchez_MariaSanchez_Doxa_2017.pdf
Schweitzer, Eva-Johanna (2011). “Normalization 2.0: A longitudinal analysis of German online campaigns in the national elections 2002-9”. European journal of communication, v. 26, n. 4, pp. 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323111423378
Serrano-Cobos, Jorge (2014). “Big data y analítica web. Estudiar las corrientes y pescar en un océano de datos”. El profesional de la información, v. 23, n. 6, pp. 561-565. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2014.nov.01
Strandberg, Kim (2008). “Online electoral competition in different settings. A comparative meta-analysis of the research on party websites and online electoral competition”. Party politics, v. 14, n. 2, pp. 223-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068807085891
Van-der-Kaa, Hille A.; Krahmer, Emiel J. (2014). “Journalist versus news consumer: The perceived credibility of machine written news”. In: Proceedings of the Computation+ journalism conference, Columbia University, New York, pp. 24-25. https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/files/4314960/c
Waddell, T. Franklin (2017). “A robot wrote this? How perceived machine authorship affects news credibility”. Digital journalism, v. 6, n. 2, pp. 236-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1384319
Wölker, Anja; Powell, Thomas E. (2018). “Algorithms in the newsroom? News readers’ perceived credibility and selection of automated journalism”. Journalism, Online first, Febr. 18, 18 pp. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884918757072
Published on 29/07/18
Accepted on 29/07/18
Submitted on 29/07/18
Volume 27, Issue 4, 2018
DOI: 10.3145/epi.2018.jul.06
Licence: CC BY-NC-SA license
Are you one of the authors of this document?