The tunnel with a large front slope is a common type of entrance in mountain tunnels. Excavation of this type of tunnel disrupts the original balance of the slope, which can easily lead to landslides or collapses. It is therefore important to choose suitable support for early reinforcement. This paper presents a case study of landslide control during the tunnelling of a shallowly buried tunnel with a large front slope. Three types of pre-support, including anti-slide pile, pipe roof and surface grouting, were used to control the landslide. In addition, a three-dimensional analysis was carried out to investigate the reinforcing effect of single and multiple pre-supports on the landslide and tunnel structure. The results showed that the deformation of the landslide and tunnel structure at the end of the entrance was the greatest, that is, the most dangerous. In tunnel structures, the arch area was the most prone to instability, while the bottom area did not experience significant deformation. The horizontal displacement control effect of the landslide body was ranked from strong to weak as surface grouting, pipe roof, and anti-slide pile, while the vertical displacement control effect of the landslide was ranked from strong to weak as pipe roof, surface grouting, and anti-slide pile. The reinforcement effect when three types of pre-supports were applied simultaneously was basically equal to the sum of the reinforcement effects when each pre-support was applied separately. This is mainly due to the different reinforcement mechanisms and areas of the three pre-supports, resulting in better overall effects.
Abstract The tunnel with a large front slope is a common type of entrance in mountain tunnels. Excavation of this type of tunnel disrupts the original balance of the slope, which can [...]
Landslide control in the excavation of a shallowly buried tunnel with a large front slope 
