Fernando Salazar Profile : Scipedia

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Collection of Fernando Salazar's contributions to congresses, mainly in the fields of dam engineering, numerical methods and hydraulic structures.

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Documents published in Scipedia

Early detection of anomalies in dam performance: A methodology based on boosted regression trees
F. Salazar, M. Toledo, J. González, E. Oñate

Structural Control Health Monitoring (2017). Vol. 24 (11), Article Number: e2012

Abstract
The advances in information and communication technologies led to a general trend towards the availability of more detailed information on dam behaviour. This allows applying advanced data‐based algorithms in its analysis, which has been reflected in an increasing interest in the field. However, most of the related literature is limited to the evaluation of model prediction accuracy, whereas the ulterior objective of data analysis is dam safety assessment. In this work, a machine‐learning algorithm (boosted regression trees) is the core of a methodology for early detection of anomalies. It also includes a criterion to determine whether certain discrepancy between predictions and observations is normal, a procedure to compute a realistic estimate of the model accuracy, and an original approach to identify extraordinary load combinations. The performance of causal and noncausal models is assessed in terms of their ability to detect different types of anomalies, which were artificially introduced on reference time series generated with a numerical model of a 100‐m‐high arch dam. The final approach was implemented in an online application to visualise the results in an intuitive way to support decision making.
Abstract
The advances in information and communication technologies led to a general trend towards the availability of more detailed information on dam behaviour. This allows applying [...]
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Numerical modelling of landslide‐generated waves with the particle finite element method (PFEM) and a non‐Newtonian flow model
F. Salazar, J. Irazábal González, A. LARESE, E. Oñate

Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. (2016). Vol. 40 (6), pp. 809-826

Abstract
Landslide‐generated impulse waves may have catastrophic consequences. The physical phenomenon is difficult to model because of the uncertainties in the kinematics of the mobilised material and to the intrinsic complexity of the fluid–soil interaction. The particle finite element method (PFEM) is a numerical scheme that has successfully been applied to fluid–structure interaction problems. It uses a Lagrangian description to model the motion of nodes (particles) in both the fluid and the solid domains (the latter including soil/rock and structures). A mesh connecting the particles (nodes) is re‐generated at every time step, where the governing equations are solved. Various constitutive laws are used for the sliding mass, including rigid solid and the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Several examples of application are presented, corresponding both to experimental tests and to actual full‐scale case studies. The results show that the PFEM can be a useful tool for analysing the risks associated with landslide phenomena, providing a good estimate to the potential hazards even for full‐scale events.
Abstract
Landslide‐generated impulse waves may have catastrophic consequences. The physical phenomenon is difficult to model because of the uncertainties in the kinematics of the [...]
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Interpretation of dam deformation and leakage with boosted regression trees
F. Salazar, M. Toledo, E. Oñate, B. Suarez

Engineering Structures (2016). (Preprint) Vol. 119, pp. 230-251

Abstract
Predictive models are essential in dam safety assessment. They have been traditionally based on simple statistical tools such as the hydrostatic-season-time (HST) model. These tools are well known to have limitations in terms of accuracy and reliability. In the recent years, the examples of application of machine learning and related techniques are becoming more frequent as an alternative to HST. While they proved to feature higher flexibility and prediction accuracy, they are also more difficult to interpret. As a consequence, the vast majority of the research is limited to prediction accuracy estimation. In this work, one of the most popular machine learning techniques (boosted regression trees), was applied to model 8 radial displacements and 4 leakage flows at La Baells Dam. The possibilities of model interpretation were explored: the relative influence of each predictor was computed, and the partial dependence plots were obtained. Both results were analysed to draw conclusions on dam response to environmental variables, and its evolution over time. The results show that this technique can efficiently identify dam performance changes with higher flexibility and reliability than simple regression models.
Abstract
Predictive models are essential in dam safety assessment. They have been traditionally based on simple statistical tools such as the hydrostatic-season-time (HST) model. These [...]
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Numerical modelling of granular materials with spherical discrete particles and the bounded rolling friction model. Application to railway ballast
J. Irazábal González, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

Computers and Geotechnics (2017). Vol. 85, pp. 220-229

Abstract
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. However, the representation of irregular particles using the DEM is a very challenging issue, leading to different geometrical approaches. This document presents a new insight in the application of one of those simplifications known as rolling friction, which avoids excessive rotation when irregular shaped materials are simulated as spheric particles. This new approach, called the Bounded Rolling Friction model, was applied to reproduce a ballast resistance test.
Abstract
The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was found to be an effective numerical method for the calculation of engineering problems involving granular materials. [...]
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Data-Based Models for the Prediction of Dam Behaviour: A Review and Some Methodological Considerations
F. Salazar, R. Morán Moya, M. Toledo, E. Oñate

Archives of Comp. Meths. Engng. (2017). Vol. 24 (1), pp. 1-21

Abstract
Predictive models are an important element in dam safety analysis. They provide an estimate of the dam response faced with a given load combination, which can be compared with the actual measurements to draw conclusions about dam safety. In addition to numerical finite element models, statistical models based on monitoring data have been used for decades for this purpose. In particular, the hydrostatic-season-time method is fully implemented in engineering practice, although some limitations have been pointed out. In other fields of science, powerful tools such as neural networks and support vector machines have been developed, which make use of observed data for interpreting complex systems . This paper contains a review of statistical and machine-learning data-based predictive models, which have been applied to dam safety analysis . Some aspects to take into account when developing analysis of this kind, such as the selection of the input variables, its division into training and validation sets, and the error analysis, are discussed. Most of the papers reviewed deal with one specific output variable of a given dam typology and the majority also lack enough validation data. As a consequence, although results are promising, there is a need for further validation and assessment of generalisation capability. Future research should also focus on the development of criteria for data pre-processing and model application.
Abstract
Predictive models are an important element in dam safety analysis. They provide an estimate of the dam response faced with a given load combination, which can be compared [...]
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Air demand estimation in bottom outlets with the particle finite element method. Susqueda Dam case study.
F. Salazar, J. San-Mauro, M. Celigueta, E. Oñate

Comp. Part. Mech (2017). Vol. 4 (3), pp. 345-356

Abstract
Dam bottom outlets play a vital role in dam operation and safety, as they allow controlling the water surface elevation below the spillway level. For partial openings, water flows under the gate lip at high velocity and drags the air downstream of the gate, which may cause damages due to cavitation and vibration. The convenience of installing air vents in dam bottom outlets is well known by practitioners. The design of this element depends basically on the maximum air flow through the air vent, which in turn is a function of the specific geometry and the boundary conditions. The intrinsic features of this phenomenon makes it hard to analyse either on site or in full scaled experimental facilities. As a consequence, empirical formulas are frequently employed, which offer a conservative estimate of the maximum air flow. In this work, the particle finite element method was used to model the air–water interaction in Susqueda Dam bottom outlet, with different gate openings. Specific enhancements of the formulation were developed to consider air–water interaction. The results were analysed as compared to the conventional design criteria and to information gathered on site during the gate operation tests. This analysis suggests that numerical modelling with the PFEM can be helpful for the design of this kind of hydraulic works.
Abstract
Dam bottom outlets play a vital role in dam operation and safety, as they allow controlling the water surface elevation below the spillway level. For partial openings, water [...]
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Possibilities of the particle finite element method for fluid–soil–structure interaction problems
E. Oñate, M. Celigueta, S. Idelsohn, F. Salazar, B. Suarez

Computational Mechanics (2011). Vol. 48 (3), pp. 307-318

Abstract
We present some developments in the particle finite element method (PFEM) for analysis of complex coupled problems in mechanics involving fluid–soil–structure interaction (FSSI). The PFEM uses an updated Lagrangian description to model the motion of nodes (particles) in both the fluid and the solid domains (the later including soil/rock and structures). A mesh connects the particles (nodes) defining the discretized domain where the governing equations for each of the constituent materials are solved as in the standard FEM. The stabilization for dealing with an incompressibility continuum is introduced via the finite calculus method. An incremental iterative scheme for the solution of the non linear transient coupled FSSI problem is described. The procedure to model frictional contact conditions and material erosion at fluid–solid and solid–solid interfaces is described. We present several examples of application of the PFEM to solve FSSI problems such as the motion of rocks by water streams, the erosion of a river bed adjacent to a bridge foundation, the stability of breakwaters and constructions sea waves and the study of landslides.
Abstract
We present some developments in the particle finite element method (PFEM) for analysis of complex coupled problems in mechanics involving fluid–soil–structure [...]
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Cracking of a concrete arch dam due to seasonal temperature variations
I. de-Pouplana, L. Gracia, F. Salazar, E. Oñate

F. Salazar's Conference proceedings (2017). 6

Abstract
A finite element thermomechanical analysis of a concrete arch dam has been carried out to predict the extent of cracking due to temperature variations. A linear elastic analysis allows us to find out the areas exceeding the tensile strength of the concrete. Then, a smeared crack approach based on a non-local damage model is used to accurately predict the pattern of the damage at the dam. Additionally, joint elements are introduced in the damaged regions of the wall to analyze the evolution of the crack aperture over the year.
Abstract
A finite element thermomechanical analysis of a concrete arch dam has been carried out to predict the extent of cracking due to temperature variations. A linear elastic analysis [...]
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A new evolution on the wedge-shaped block for overtopping protection of embankment dams: the ACUÑA block
F. Caballero, J. San Mauro, M. Toledo, R. Morán Moya, F. Salazar, E. Moreno

3rd International Conference on Protection against Overtopping, 6-8 June 2018, UK

Abstract
The article summarizes the research studies performed by the Research Group on Dam Safety (SERPA) of the Technical University of Madrid and the International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE) in collaboration with the company PREHORQUISA. Such studies aim to deepen on the theoretical and practical understanding of wedge shaped blocks (WSB) technology. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the research projects called ACUÑA (IPT-2011-0997-020000) and DIABLO (RTC-2014-2081-5). One of the projects goals was to develop a new model of WSB looking for improving the performance of the existing ones. This research led to the new model of WSB called ACUÑA, proprietary in Spain since May 2017 (ES2595852). The paper presents a comparison between the behaviour of the new block with one of the existing models, specifically ArmorwedgeTM. Such comparison has been made using physical and numerical modelling, studying the hydrodynamic pressures on the block and the leakage flow through the joints between blocks and the aeration vents
Abstract
The article summarizes the research studies performed by the Research Group on Dam Safety (SERPA) of the Technical University of Madrid and the International Center for Numerical [...]
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Advanced computational methods for dam protections against overtopping
. A.Larese, F. Salazar, J. Mauro, E. Oñate, M. Toledo, R. Morán, F. Salazar

3rd International Conference on Protection against Overtopping, 6-8 June 2018, UK

Abstract
The paper presents an overview on the computational tools developed in CIMNE for the analysis of the behavior of rockfill dams in overtopping scenarios, as well as for the design of protections systems against overtopping. In this latter case two different applications are presented: the design tool for a wedge shaped blocks (WSB) shoulder protection and the computational models for the analysis of the hydraulic performance of highly convergent spillways. Advanced finite element techniques are combined with particle techniques and artificial neural networks in the framework of the Kratos Multiphysics for reaching the optimal solution procedure for any of the above mentioned problems. An extensive validation is carried out using experimental data provided by the SERPA group of the Technical University of Madrid.
Abstract
The paper presents an overview on the computational tools developed in CIMNE for the analysis of the behavior of rockfill dams in overtopping scenarios, as well as for the [...]
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Articles (Documents not available in Scipedia)

Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model for rheumatoid arthritis mortality using a machine learning approach
José María Lezcano-Valverde, Leticia León, Esther Toledano, Juan Á. Jover, Benjamín Fernández-Gutiérrez, Eduardo Soudah, Isidoro González-Álvaro, Lydia Abásolo, Luis Rodríguez-Roderíguez

Scientific Reports, volume 7, Article number: 10189 (2017). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10558-w
Interpretation of dam deformation and leakage with boosted regression trees
F Salazar, MÁ Toledo, E Oñate, B Suárez

Engineering Structures 119, 230-251, 2016
Corrigendum to “An empirical comparison of machine learning techniques for dam behaviour modelling”[Struct. Saf. 56 (2015) 9–17]
F Salazar, MÁ Toledo, E Oñate, R Morán

Structural Safety, 118, 2016
CFD analysis of flow pattern in labyrinth weirs
F Salazar, J San Mauro, E Oñate, MÁ Toledo

Dam Protections against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, 287, 2015
Physical and numerical modeling for understanding the hydraulic behaviour of Wedge-Shaped-Blocks spillways
FJ Caballero, F Salazar, J San Mauro, MÁ Toledo

Dam Protections against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, 193, 2015
Highly-converging chutes as an overtopping protection for concrete dams: physical and numerical modelling
L Morera, J San Mauro, F Salazar, MÁ Toledo

Dam Protections against Overtopping and Accidental Leakage, 245, 2015
Discussion on “Thermal displacements of concrete dams: Accounting for water temperature in statistical models”
MÁT F. Salazar

Engineering Structures, 2015
Data-Based Models for the Prediction of Dam Behaviour: A Review and Some Methodological Considerations
F Salazar, R Morán, MÁ Toledo, E Oñate

Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 1-21, 2015
An empirical comparison of machine learning techniques for dam behaviour modelling
RM F Salazar, MÁ Toledo, E Oñate

Structural Safety 56 (doi:10.1016/j.strusafe.2015.05.0), 9-17, 2015
Modeling the hydraulic performance of the aeration system in dam bottom outlets using the particle finite element method
D Pozo, F Salazar, MA Toledo

REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE METODOS NUMERICOS PARA CALCULO Y DISENO EN ..., 2014
Procedimiento de diseño de protecciones tipo repié para evitar la rotura por deslizamiento en masa de presas de escollera sometidas a percolaciones extremas
R Morán, R Alves, MÁ Toledo, A Larese De Tetto, F Salazar, R Rossi

by: Marcombo, 2014
Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña
R Moran, R Alves, MÁ Toledo, F Salazar, A Larese De Tetto, J San Mauro

Jornada Técnica Avances en Investigación Aplicada en Seguridad Hidráulica de ..., 2013
Posibilidades de la ingeniería artificial en el análisis de auscultación de presas
F Salazar, MA Toledo Municio, E Oñate Ibáñez

III Jornadas de Ingeniería del Agua 2, 381-388, 2013
Interpretación de los datos de auscultación de presas por métodos no convencionales
MA Toledo Municio, F Salazar, R Moran Moya, L Morera González, A Roa, ...

Red de Laboratorios de Hidráulica de España (RLHE), 2013
Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña
R Moran, R Alves, MÁ Toledo, F Salazar, A Larese De Tetto, J San Mauro

Jornada Técnica Avances en Investigación Aplicada en Seguridad Hidráulica de ..., 2013
Procedimiento de diseño de protecciones tipo repié para evitar la rotura por deslizamiento en masa de presas de escollera sometidas a percolaciones extremas
R Moran Moya, RM Monteiro Alves, MA Toledo Municio, A Larese, ...

Marcombo 2, 341-348, 2013
El papel de los modelos numéricos en la investigación y el diseño de aliviaderos de presas
F Salazar, J San Mauro, J Irazábal, A Larese De Tetto, R Rossi, ...

Red de Laboratorios de Hidráulica de España (RLHE), 2013
Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña
R Moran Moya, RM Monteiro Alves, MA Toledo Municio, F Salazar, ...

Red de Laboratorios de Hidráulica de España (RLHE), 2013
Modelación física y numérica de aliviaderos con cajeros altamente convergentes
J San Mauro, F Salazar, R Rossi, E Oñate Ibáñez, L Morera González, ...

Marcombo 1, 389-396, 2013
Analysis of the discharge capacity of radial-gated spillways using CFD and ANN–Oliana Dam case study
F Salazar, R Morán, R Rossi, E Oñate

Journal of Hydraulic Research 51 (3), 244-252, 2013
NUMERICAL MODELING OF AIR-WATER INTERACTION IN BOTTOM OUTLETS. APPLICATION TO SUSQUEDA DAM
F Salazar, R Morán, E Oñate, MA Toledo, FJ Riquelme, I Hidráulica

4th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures, 2012
Fluid-soil-structure interaction analysis with the particle finite element method
MA Celigueta, SR Idelsohn, E OÒate, F Salazar, B Suarez

Centre Internacional de MËtodes NumËrics en Enginyeria (CIMNE), 2012
The particle finite element method: an effective numerical technique for solving fluid-soil-structure interaction problems
MA Celigueta Jordana, F Salazar, B Suarez Arroyo

Issues on mechanical and civil engineering: a symposium to honour professor ..., 2012
Modelación numérica de deslizamientos de ladera en embalses mediante el método de partículas y elementos finitos (PFEM)
F Salazar, E Oñate, R Morán

Revista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en ..., 2012
Estudio de la capacidad de desagüe de aliviaderos con compuertas mediante modelación numérica: aplicación a la presa de Oliana
F Salazar, R Rossi, R Morán Moya, A Larese De Tetto

Mcharly. com, 2011
Numerical modeling of landslides in reservoirs using the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)
F Salazar, E Oñate, R Morán

Risk Analysis, Dam Safety, Dam Security and Critical Infrastructure ..., 2011
Possibilities of the particle finite element method for fluid–soil–structure interaction problems
E Oñate, MA Celigueta, SR Idelsohn, F Salazar, B Suárez

Computational Mechanics 48 (3), 307-318, 2011

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Documents published in Scipedia

Articles (Documents not available in Scipedia)

Development and validation of a multivariate predictive model for rheumatoid arthritis mortality using a machine learning approach

Interpretation of dam deformation and leakage with boosted regression trees

Corrigendum to “An empirical comparison of machine learning techniques for dam behaviour modelling”[Struct. Saf. 56 (2015) 9–17]

CFD analysis of flow pattern in labyrinth weirs

Physical and numerical modeling for understanding the hydraulic behaviour of Wedge-Shaped-Blocks spillways

Highly-converging chutes as an overtopping protection for concrete dams: physical and numerical modelling

Discussion on “Thermal displacements of concrete dams: Accounting for water temperature in statistical models”

Data-Based Models for the Prediction of Dam Behaviour: A Review and Some Methodological Considerations

An empirical comparison of machine learning techniques for dam behaviour modelling

Modeling the hydraulic performance of the aeration system in dam bottom outlets using the particle finite element method

Procedimiento de diseño de protecciones tipo repié para evitar la rotura por deslizamiento en masa de presas de escollera sometidas a percolaciones extremas

Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña

Posibilidades de la ingeniería artificial en el análisis de auscultación de presas

Interpretación de los datos de auscultación de presas por métodos no convencionales

Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña

Procedimiento de diseño de protecciones tipo repié para evitar la rotura por deslizamiento en masa de presas de escollera sometidas a percolaciones extremas

El papel de los modelos numéricos en la investigación y el diseño de aliviaderos de presas

Protecciones de presas mediante repiés de escollera y bloques en forma de cuña

Modelación física y numérica de aliviaderos con cajeros altamente convergentes

Analysis of the discharge capacity of radial-gated spillways using CFD and ANN–Oliana Dam case study

NUMERICAL MODELING OF AIR-WATER INTERACTION IN BOTTOM OUTLETS. APPLICATION TO SUSQUEDA DAM

Fluid-soil-structure interaction analysis with the particle finite element method

The particle finite element method: an effective numerical technique for solving fluid-soil-structure interaction problems

Modelación numérica de deslizamientos de ladera en embalses mediante el método de partículas y elementos finitos (PFEM)

Estudio de la capacidad de desagüe de aliviaderos con compuertas mediante modelación numérica: aplicación a la presa de Oliana

Numerical modeling of landslides in reservoirs using the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)

Possibilities of the particle finite element method for fluid–soil–structure interaction problems

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