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| − | ==1 Title, abstract and keywords== | + | ==Abstract== |
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| − | Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
| + | Shape optimization is a largely studied problem in aeronautics. It can be applied to many disciplines in this field, namely efficiency improvement of engine blades, noise reduction of engine nozzles, or reduction of the fuel consumption of aircraft. Optimization for general purposes is also of increasing interest in many other fields. Traditionally, optimization procedures were based on deterministic methodologies as in Hamalainen et al (2000), where the optimum working point was fixed. However, not considering what happens in the vicinity of the defined working conditions can produce problems like loose of efficiency and performance. That is, in many cases, if the real working point differs from the original, even a little distance, efficiency is reduced considerably as pointed out in Huyse and |
| | + | Lewis (2001). Non deterministic methodologies have been applied to many fields (Papadrakakis, Lagaros and Tsompanakis, 1998; Plevris, Lagaros and Papadrakakis, 2005). One of the most extended nondeterministic |
| | + | methodologies is the stochastic analysis. The time consuming calculations required on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has prevented an extensive application of the stochastic analysis to shape optimization. Stochastic analysis was firstly developed in structural mechanics, several years ago. Uncertainty quantification and variability studies can help to deal with intrinsic errors of the processes or methods. The result to consider for design optimization is no longer a point, but a range of values that defines the area where, in average, optimal output values are obtained. The optimal value could be worse than other optima, but considering its |
| | + | vicinity, it is clearly the most robust regarding input variability. Uncertainty quantification is a topic of increasing interest from the last few years. It provides several techniques to evaluate uncertainty input parameters and their effects on the outcomes. |
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| − | Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
| + | This research presents a methodology to integrate evolutionary algorithms and stochastic analysis, in order to deal with uncertainty and to obtain robust solutions. |
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| − | An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
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| − | ==2 The main text==
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| − | You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
| + | ==References== |
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| − | Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
| + | See pdf document |
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| − | ===2.1 Subsections===
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| − | Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
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| − | | + | |
| − | ===2.2 General guidelines===
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| − | Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:
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| − | :* Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.
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| − | :* Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.
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| − | :* Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).
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| − | :* Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
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| − | | + | |
| − | ===2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations===
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| − | Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text (<span id='cite-_Ref382560620'></span>[[#_Ref382560620|table 1]], table 2, etc.) and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
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| − | <span id='_Ref382560620'></span>
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| − | {| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;border: 1pt solid black;border-collapse: collapse;"
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|Thickness
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|3.175 mm
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|Young Modulus
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|12.74 MPa
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|Poisson coefficient
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|0.25
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|Density
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| − | | style="text-align: center;"|1107 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
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| − | |}
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| − | <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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| − | <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Table 1: Material properties</span></div>
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| − | Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.
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| − | <span id='_Ref448852946'></span>
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| − | <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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| − | [[Image:Scipedia.gif|center|480px]]
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| − | </div>
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| − | <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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| − | <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Figure 1. Scipedia logo.</span></div>
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| − | Number the figures according to their sequence in the text (<span id='cite-_Ref448852946'></span>[[#_Ref448852946|figure 1]], figure 2, etc.). Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material
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| − | For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.
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| − | 1. The first entry in this list
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| − | 2. The second entry
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| − | 2.1. A subentry
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| − | 3. The last entry
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| − | * A bulleted list item
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| − | * Another one
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| − | You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. <span id='cite-_Ref424030152'></span>[[#_Ref424030152|(1)]].
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| − | {| style="width: 100%;"
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| − | | style="vertical-align: top;"| <math>{\nabla }^{2}\phi =0</math>
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| − | | style="text-align: right;"|<span id='_Ref424030152'></span>
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| − | (1)
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| − | |}
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| − | ===2.4 Supplementary material===
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| − | Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file.
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| − | ==3 Bibliography==
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| − | <span id='_Ref449344604'></span>
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| − | Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the document is [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]]], the second [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen (e.g. [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]], <span id='cite-3'></span>[[#3|3]]] or [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]-<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#4|4]]]).
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| − | <span id='_Ref449084254'></span>
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| − | You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to documents published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]]], other publication articles [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]], books [<span id='cite-3'></span>[[#3|3]]], book chapter [<span id='cite-4'></span>[[#4|4]]], conference proceedings [<span id='cite-5'></span>[[#5|5]]], and online documents [<span id='cite-6'></span>[[#6|6]]], shown in references section below.
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| − | ==4 Acknowledgments==
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| − | Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section.
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| − | ==5 References==
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| − | <span id='_Ref449083719'></span>
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| − | <div id="1"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-1|[1]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Article code. Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/ucode. http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.]
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| − | <div id="2"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-2|[2]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Volume number, first page-last page.
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| − | <div id="3"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-3|[3]]] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.
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| − | <div id="4"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-4|[4]]] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
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| − | <div id="5"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-5|[5]]] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.
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| − | <div id="6"></div>
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| − | [[#cite-6|[6]]] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf]. [Accessed day, month and year].
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Shape optimization is a largely studied problem in aeronautics. It can be applied to many disciplines in this field, namely efficiency improvement of engine blades, noise reduction of engine nozzles, or reduction of the fuel consumption of aircraft. Optimization for general purposes is also of increasing interest in many other fields. Traditionally, optimization procedures were based on deterministic methodologies as in Hamalainen et al (2000), where the optimum working point was fixed. However, not considering what happens in the vicinity of the defined working conditions can produce problems like loose of efficiency and performance. That is, in many cases, if the real working point differs from the original, even a little distance, efficiency is reduced considerably as pointed out in Huyse and
Lewis (2001). Non deterministic methodologies have been applied to many fields (Papadrakakis, Lagaros and Tsompanakis, 1998; Plevris, Lagaros and Papadrakakis, 2005). One of the most extended nondeterministic
methodologies is the stochastic analysis. The time consuming calculations required on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has prevented an extensive application of the stochastic analysis to shape optimization. Stochastic analysis was firstly developed in structural mechanics, several years ago. Uncertainty quantification and variability studies can help to deal with intrinsic errors of the processes or methods. The result to consider for design optimization is no longer a point, but a range of values that defines the area where, in average, optimal output values are obtained. The optimal value could be worse than other optima, but considering its
vicinity, it is clearly the most robust regarding input variability. Uncertainty quantification is a topic of increasing interest from the last few years. It provides several techniques to evaluate uncertainty input parameters and their effects on the outcomes.
This research presents a methodology to integrate evolutionary algorithms and stochastic analysis, in order to deal with uncertainty and to obtain robust solutions.
