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| We suggest a practical method for obtaining the particular solution of non-homogeneous higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. The proposed method can be applied directly and simply to such problems. We revealed that is valid for the different type of problem by using sample solutions. This simple analytical solution that we have introduced will help to create a fast numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solutions of higher order physical problems. | | We suggest a practical method for obtaining the particular solution of non-homogeneous higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. The proposed method can be applied directly and simply to such problems. We revealed that is valid for the different type of problem by using sample solutions. This simple analytical solution that we have introduced will help to create a fast numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solutions of higher order physical problems. |
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− | | + | ==1. Introduction== |
− | ==1 Introduction== | + | |
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| Differential equations are vital argument for technical and fundamental sciences. Ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients provide practical utility owing to their mathematical controllable to explain natural phenomena in many areas of science and engineering <span id='citeF-1'></span><span id='citeF-2'></span>[[#cite-1|[1,2]]]. For example, they are widely used to explain the event of electromagnetic, sound and water wave. Such waves are formulated by homogeneous or non-homogeneous differential equations with higher order linear constant coefficients depend upon source of the phenomena <span id='citeF-3'></span><span id='citeF-4'></span><span id='citeF-5'></span><span id='citeF-6'></span><span id='citeF-7'></span><span id='citeF-8'></span><span id='citeF-9'></span><span id='citeF-10'></span>[[#cite-3|[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]]]. | | Differential equations are vital argument for technical and fundamental sciences. Ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients provide practical utility owing to their mathematical controllable to explain natural phenomena in many areas of science and engineering <span id='citeF-1'></span><span id='citeF-2'></span>[[#cite-1|[1,2]]]. For example, they are widely used to explain the event of electromagnetic, sound and water wave. Such waves are formulated by homogeneous or non-homogeneous differential equations with higher order linear constant coefficients depend upon source of the phenomena <span id='citeF-3'></span><span id='citeF-4'></span><span id='citeF-5'></span><span id='citeF-6'></span><span id='citeF-7'></span><span id='citeF-8'></span><span id='citeF-9'></span><span id='citeF-10'></span>[[#cite-3|[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]]]. |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | ==Proof.==
| + | '''Proof.''' |
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| Let <math display="inline">y=e^{iax}.</math> Then, | | Let <math display="inline">y=e^{iax}.</math> Then, |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | ==Proof.==
| + | '''Proof.''' |
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| Let <math display="inline">y=e^{-iax}</math>. Therefore, | | Let <math display="inline">y=e^{-iax}</math>. Therefore, |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | '''Lemma 1.3.''' If <math display="inline">F_{1}(D)=\sum _{j=0}^{n}a_{j}D^{j},a_{j}\in {R}</math> and <math display="inline">\begin{array}{l}F(D)=\left(D-ia\right)^{r}\left(D+ia\right) ^{r}F_{1}(D),\\F_{1}(ia)\neq 0,\end{array}</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{iax},</math> <math display="inline">i^{2}=-1</math>, particular solution is | + | '''Lemma 1.3.''' If <math display="inline">F_{1}(D)=\sum _{j=0}^{n}a_{j}D^{j},a_{j}\in {R}</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)=\left(D-ia\right)^{r}\left(D+ia\right) ^{r}F_{1}(D)</math>, <math display="inline">F_{1}(ia)\neq 0</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{iax},</math> <math display="inline">i^{2}=-1</math>, particular solution is |
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| {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" | | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | ==Proof.==
| + | '''Proof.''' |
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| Let <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{iax}</math>. | | Let <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{iax}</math>. |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | '''Lemma 1.4.''' If <math display="inline">F(D)=\sum _{j=0}^{n}a_{j}D^{j},a_{j}\in {R}</math> and <math display="inline">\begin{array}{l}F(D)=\left(D-ia\right)^{r}\left(D+ia\right) ^{r}F_{1}(D),\\ F_{1}(-ia)\neq 0,\end{array}</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{-iax},</math> <math display="inline">i^{2}=-1,</math> particular solution is | + | '''Lemma 1.4.''' If <math display="inline">F(D)=\sum _{j=0}^{n}a_{j}D^{j},a_{j}\in {R}</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)=\left(D-ia\right)^{r}\left(D+ia\right) ^{r}F_{1}(D)</math>, <math display="inline">F_{1}(-ia)\neq 0</math> and <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{-iax},</math> <math display="inline">i^{2}=-1,</math> particular solution is |
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| {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" | | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
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| |} | | |} |
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− | ==Proof.==
| + | '''Proof.''' |
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| Let <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{-iax}</math> Therefore, | | Let <math display="inline">F(D)y=e^{-iax}</math> Therefore, |
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| <math display="inline">y_{p}=\frac{1}{\left(-2ia\right)^{r}F_{1}(-ia)}\left(e^{-iax}\int e^{iax}e^{-iax}\frac{x^{r-1}}{(r-1)!}dx\right)=\frac{x^{r}}{r!}\frac{e^{-iax}}{\left(-2ia\right)^{r}F_{1}(-ia)}</math>. | | <math display="inline">y_{p}=\frac{1}{\left(-2ia\right)^{r}F_{1}(-ia)}\left(e^{-iax}\int e^{iax}e^{-iax}\frac{x^{r-1}}{(r-1)!}dx\right)=\frac{x^{r}}{r!}\frac{e^{-iax}}{\left(-2ia\right)^{r}F_{1}(-ia)}</math>. |
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− | ==2 A Simple Approach to the Particular Solution, <math>\mathbf{y_{p}}</math>== | + | |
− | ==llll==
| + | == 2. A Simple Approach to the Particular Solution, y<sub>p</sub>== |
| + | |
| Particular solution of considered differential equations which is linear, constant coefficient, non-homogeneous and higher order differential equation is written as | | Particular solution of considered differential equations which is linear, constant coefficient, non-homogeneous and higher order differential equation is written as |
| + | <span id="(eq-10)"></span> |
| {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" | | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
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− | Using lemmas 1.1.,1.2.,1.3.,1.4. the Euler Identity by writing instead of <math>\sin ax \, \cos ax </math> in [[#eq-10|10]], it becomes the following: | + | Using lemmas 1.1.,1.2.,1.3.,1.4. the Euler Identity by writing instead of <math>\sin ax \, \cos ax </math> in [[#eq-10|(10)]], it becomes the following: |
| {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" | | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| |- | | |- |
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− | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" | + | {| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{array}{ll} | | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{array}{ll} |
| y_{p}& =k_{1}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} +k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} \\ | | y_{p}& =k_{1}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} +k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} \\ |
− | &=k_{1}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}+k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{iax} }{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}+k_{1}\frac{\frac{-e^{-iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n} }+k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{-iax}}{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax} }{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{} {2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}\right) \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{1}{\left( D-ia\right) ^{n}}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( D+ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{1}{\left( D+ia\right) ^{n}}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( D-ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( ia+ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{} {2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( -ia-ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=&\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( 2ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{} {2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( -2ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1} }{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{n}}\right) \right). | + | &=k_{1}\frac{\frac{e^{iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}+k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{iax} }{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}+k_{1}\frac{\frac{-e^{-iax}}{2i}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n} }+k_{2}\frac{\frac{e^{-iax}}{2}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}} \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax} }{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{} {2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{(D^{2}+a^{2})^{n}}\right) \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{1}{\left( D-ia\right) ^{n}}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( D+ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{1}{\left( D+ia\right) ^{n}}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( D-ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( ia+ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{} {2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( -ia-ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=\left( \frac{k_{1}}{2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{iax}}{\left( 2ia\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{} {2i}+\frac{k_{2}}{2}\right) \frac{x^{n}}{n!}\left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( -2ia\right) ^{n}}\right) \\ &=\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{n}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1} }{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{n}}\right) \right). |
| \end{array}</math> | | \end{array}</math> |
| |} | | |} |
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− | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" | + | {| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
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− | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{eqnarray} | + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{array}{ll} |
− | y_{p}&=&\frac{x^{2m}}{2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i} +k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m}}\right) \right) \\ &=&\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2}\right) \right) \\ &=&\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( k_{1} \frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{2i}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}\right).\end{eqnarray}</math> | + | y_{p}&=\frac{x^{2m}}{2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i} +k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m}}\right) \right) \\ &=\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2}\right) \right) \\ &=\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( k_{1} \frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{2i}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}\right).\end{array}</math> |
| |} | | |} |
| | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (12) | | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (12) |
| |} | | |} |
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− | Therefore, particular solution [[#eq-10|10]] for even values of n is obtained below: y_{p}=\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right). \noindent Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of [[#eq-1|1]] for even values of n as follows: y_{}=\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n}{2}}\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n}a^{n} n!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right) +\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}x^{j}\left(C_{j}\cos ax+C_{j+n}\sin ax\right). \noindent If n is odd and n=2m+1\left( m\in {Z}^{+}\right), hence, particular solution [[#eq-10|10]] is y_{p}&=&\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right) \right) \\ &=&\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \frac{k_{1} }{i}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}-\frac{k_{1}}{i}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1} }+k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right)\\ &=&\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \frac{k_{1} }{i^{2}}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}2i}+\frac{k_{1}}{i^{2}}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}2}-k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( i\right) ^{2m}2i}\right)\\ &=&\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !\left( i\right) ^{2m}}\left( -k_{1}\frac{e^{iax}}{2}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2i}-k_{1} \frac{e^{-iax}}{2}-k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2i}\right) \\ &=&\left( -1\right) ^{m}\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( -k_{1}\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{} {2i}\right). \\ \noindent Therefore, particular solution [[#eq-10|10]] for odd values of n is obtained below: y_{p}=\left( -1\right) ^{m}\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right)!}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right). Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of [[#eq-1|1]] for odd values of n as follows: y_{}=\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n-1}{2}}\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n} a^{n}\left( n\right) !}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right) +\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}x^{j}\left(C_{j}\cos ax+C_{j+n}\sin ax\right). | + | Therefore, particular solution [[#eq-10|(10)]] for even values of n is obtained below: |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>y_{p}=\frac{x^{2m}}{\left( -1\right) ^{m}2^{2m}a^{2m}2m!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right). </math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (13) |
| + | |} |
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− | ==3 Examples== | + | Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of [[#eq-1|(1)]] for even values of n as follows: |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>y_{}=\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n}{2}}\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n}a^{n} n!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right) +\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}x^{j}\left(C_{j}\cos ax+C_{j+n}\sin ax\right). </math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (14) |
| + | |} |
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− | \noindent \mathbf{Example.1}\\ \noindent Consider such a differential equation (D^{2}+1)^{5}y=2\sin x-3\cos x. Solution of this equation: firstly, we solve the homogen equation, (D^{2}+1)^{5}y=0 (m^{2}+1)^{5}=0 \begin{array}{c} [c]{cc} m_{1,2,3,4,5}=i & y_{1}=\cos x,y_{2}=x\cos x,y_{3}=x^{2}\cos x,y_{4}=x^{3}\cos x,y_{5}=x^{4}\cos x\\ m_{6,7,8,9,10}=-i & y_{6}=\cos x,y_{7}=x\cos x,y_{8}=x^{2}\cos x,y_{9} =x^{3}\cos x,y_{10}=x^{4}\cos x \end{array} y=y_{h} y=\sum _{i=1}^{10}C_{i}y_{i} Now, let's try to solve the non-homogeneous equation using the classical methods and then the formula we recommend. \left( \hbox{'''1'''}\right) \mathbf{By using the method of consecutive integration:} | + | If n is odd and <math display="inline"> n=2m+1\left( m\in {Z}^{+}\right) </math>, hence, particular solution [[#eq-10|(10)]] is |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{array}{ll} |
| + | y_{p}&=\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \left( \frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right) +\left( -\frac{k_{1}}{i}+k_{2}\right) \left( \frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right) \right) \\ |
| + | &=\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \frac{k_{1} }{i}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m+1}}-\frac{k_{1}}{i}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1} }+k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( -i\right) ^{2m+1}}\right)\\ |
| + | &=\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( \frac{k_{1} }{i^{2}}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}2i}+\frac{k_{1}}{i^{2}}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2\left( i\right) ^{2m}2}-k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{\left( i\right) ^{2m}2i}\right)\\ |
| + | &=\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !\left( i\right) ^{2m}}\left( -k_{1}\frac{e^{iax}}{2}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}}{2i}-k_{1} \frac{e^{-iax}}{2}-k_{2}\frac{e^{-iax}}{2i}\right) \\ |
| + | &=\left( -1\right) ^{m}\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right) !}\left( -k_{1}\frac{e^{iax}+e^{-iax}}{2}+k_{2}\frac{e^{iax}-e^{-iax}}{} {2i}\right). \end{array}</math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (15) |
| + | |} |
| | | |
− | y_{P}=e^{ix}\int \int \int \int \int e^{-2ix}\int \int \int \int \int e^{ix}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right) \left( dx\right) ^{10} As can be seen, the solution of y_{P} with this method will be found by integrating ten times in succession. It is clear that integrating in this way is not quick and easy. | + | Therefore, particular solution [[#eq-10|(10)]] for odd values of n is obtained below: |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>y_{p}=\left( -1\right) ^{m}\frac{x^{2m+1}}{2^{2m+1}a^{2m+1}\left( 2m+1\right)!}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right). </math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (16) |
| + | |} |
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− | \left( \hbox{'''2'''}\right) \mathbf{By using the method of variation of parameters:} | + | Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of [[#eq-1|(1)]] for odd values of n as follows: |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>y_{}=\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n-1}{2}}\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n} a^{n}\left( n\right) !}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right) +\sum _{j=0}^{n-1}x^{j}\left(C_{j}\cos ax+C_{j+n}\sin ax\right). </math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (17) |
| + | |} |
| | | |
− | Let us y_{P}=\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}y_{i}. L_{i} functions are defined as: \sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}=0,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime } y_{i}^{\left( 1\right) }=0,...,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}^{\left( 8\right) }=0,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}^{\left( 9\right) }=2\sin x-3\cos x Solving above linear equation system, with the derivative functions of L_{i}^{\prime }, (1\leqslant i\leqslant{10)} using this derivative functions and following integration L_{i} yields L_{i}=\int L_{i}^{\prime }dx, (1\leqslant i\leqslant{10).} It can not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy.
| + | ==3. Examples== |
| | | |
− | \left( \hbox{'''3'''}\right) \mathbf{By using the method of undetermined coefficients}
| + | === Example 1 === |
| | | |
− | Let us y_{P}=\left( \sum _{i=0}^{9}A_{i}x^{i}\right) \cos x+\left( \sum _{i=0}^{9}B_{i}x^{i}\right) \sin x. In this equation, replaces y,D_{x^{2}}y,...,D_{x^{10}}y and its derivatives. With the identification of the two sides, A_{i},B_{i}(1\leqslant i\leqslant{10)} coefficients are determined. It can also not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy.
| + | Consider such a differential equation <math display="inline">(D^{2}+1)^{5}y=2\sin x-3\cos x</math>. Solution of this equation: firstly, we solve the homogen equation, |
| + | {| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | |
| + | {| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" |
| + | |- |
| + | | style="text-align: center;" | <math>\begin{array}{l} |
| + | (D^{2}+1)^{5}y=0\\ |
| + | (m^{2}+1)^{5}=0\\ |
| + | m_{1,2,3,4,5}=i y_{1}=\cos x,y_{2}=x\cos x,y_{3}=x^{2}\cos x,y_{4}=x^{3}\cos |
| + | x,y_{5}=x^{4}\cos x\\ |
| + | m_{6,7,8,9,10}=-i y_{6}=\cos x,y_{7}=x\cos x,y_{8}=x^{2}\cos x,y_{9}% |
| + | =x^{3}\cos x,y_{10}=x^{4}\cos x\\ |
| + | y=y_{h}\\ |
| + | y=\sum _{i=1}^{10}C_{i}y_{i} |
| + | \end{array} </math> |
| + | |} |
| + | | style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | |
| + | |} |
| | | |
− | \left( \hbox{'''4'''}\right) \mathbf{Finally, finding the particular solution by using recommended method in eq.17 }
| + | Now, let's try to solve the non-homogeneous equation using the classical methods and then the formula we recommend. |
| | | |
− | Since n=5, the method recommended for the odd value in equation 17 is used. Therefore, y_{P}=\frac{x^{n}}{\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n-1}{2}}2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right) For a=1,k_{1}=2,k_{2}=-3,n=5 yields y_{P}=\frac{1}{3840}x^{5}\left( -2\cos x-3\sin x\right) .
| + | '''(1) By using the method of consecutive integration''' |
| | | |
− | \mathbf{Proof:} | + | <math display="inline">y_{P}=e^{ix}\int \int \int \int \int e^{-2ix}\int \int \int \int \int e^{ix}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right) \left( dx\right) ^{10}</math> |
| | | |
− | y=y_{P} (D^{2}+1)^{5}y=\left( D^{10}+5D^{8}+10D^{6}+10D^{4}+5D^{2}+1\right) y =D_{x^{10}}y+5D_{x^{8}}y+10D_{x^{6} }y+10D_{x^{4}}y+5D_{x^{2}}y+y y=\frac{1}{3840}x^{5}\left( -2\cos x-3\sin x\right) D_{x^{2}}y\allowbreak = \frac{1}{3840}x^{3}\left( 20x\sin x-60\sin x-30x\cos x-40\cos x+2x^{2}\cos x+3x^{2}\sin x\right) \allowbreak D_{x^{4}}y\allowbreak =\left( -\frac{1}{3840}\right) x\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 240\cos x+360\sin x+720x\cos x-480x\sin x-240x^{2}\cos x\\ -60x^{3}\cos x+2x^{4}\cos x-360x^{2}\sin x+40x^{3}\sin x+3x^{4}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak \allowbreak
| + | As can be seen, the solution of <math display="inline">y_{P}</math> with this method will be found by integrating ten times in succession. It is clear that integrating in this way is not quick and easy. |
| | | |
− | D_{x^{6}}y\allowbreak =\frac{1}{3840}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 1440\sin x-2160\cos x+3600x\cos x+5400x\sin x+3600x^{2}\cos x\\ -600x^{3}\cos x-90x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x-2400x^{2}\sin x\\ -900x^{3}\sin x+60x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{8}}y\allowbreak =\left( -\frac{1}{3840}\right) \left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 13\,440\sin x-20\,160\cos x+16\,800x\cos x+25\,200x\sin x\\ +10\,080x^{2}\cos x-1120x^{3}\cos x-120x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x\\ -6720x^{2}\sin x-1680x^{3}\sin x+80x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{10}}y=\allowbreak \frac{1}{3840}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 60\,480\sin x-90\,720\cos x+50\,400x\cos x+75\,600x\sin x\\ +21\,600x^{2}\cos x-1800x^{3}\cos x-150x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x\\ -14\,400x^{2}\sin x-2700x^{3}\sin x+100x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{10}}y+5D_{x^{8}}y+10D_{x^{6}}y+10D_{x^{4}}y+5D_{x^{2}}y+y\allowbreak \allowbreak =\allowbreak{2}\sin x-3\cos x
| + | '''(2) By using the method of variation of parameters''' |
| | | |
− | \mathbf{Example.2} | + | Let us <math display="inline">y_{P}=\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}y_{i}</math>. <math display="inline"> L_{i}</math> functions are defined as: |
| | | |
− | Consider such a differential equation (D^{2}+1)^{10}y=2\sin x-3\cos x denkleminin \c{c}\& #246;z\& #252;m\& #252;, Since n=10, the method recommended for the even value in equation 14 is used. Therefore, y_{P}=\frac{x^{n}}{\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n}{2}}2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right) For a=1,k_{1}=2,k_{2}=-3,n=10 gives y_{P}=\left( -\frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\right) x^{10}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right)
| + | <math display="inline">\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}=0,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime } y_{i}^{\left( 1\right) }=0,...,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}^{\left( 8\right) }=0,\sum _{i=1}^{10}L_{i}^{\prime }y_{i}^{\left( 9\right) }=2\sin x-3\cos x</math> |
| | | |
− | \mathbf{Proof:} | + | Solving above linear equation system, with the derivative functions of <math display="inline">L_{i}^{\prime }, (1\leq i\leq 10)</math> using this derivative functions and following integration <math display="inline">L_{i}</math> yields |
| | | |
− | (D^{2}+1)^{10}y=\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} D^{20}+10D^{18}+45D^{16}+120D^{14}+210D^{12}+\allowbreak{252}D^{10}\\ +210D^{8}+120D^{6}+45D^{4}+10D^{2}+1 \end{array} \right) y =D_{x^{20}}y+10D_{x^{18}}y+45D_{x^{16}}y+120D_{x^{14}}y+210D_{x^{12} }y+\allowbreak{252}D_{x^{10}}y +210D_{x^{8}}y+120D_{x^{6}}y+45D_{x^{4}}y+10D_{x^{2}}y+y y=-\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{10}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right) D_{x^{2}}y=\allowbreak -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{8}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 180\sin x-270\cos x+40x\cos x\\ +60x\sin x+3x^{2}\cos x-2x^{2}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{4}}y=\allowbreak -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{6}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 10\,080\sin x-15\,120\cos x+5760x\cos x\\ +8640x\sin x+1620x^{2}\cos x-80x^{3}\cos x\\ -3x^{4}\cos x-1080x^{2}\sin x-120x^{3}\sin x+2x^{4}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{6}}y=\allowbreak \frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{4}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 453\,600\cos x-302\,400\sin x-362\,880x\cos x\\ -544\,320x\sin x-226\,800x^{2}\cos x+28\,800x^{3}\cos x+4050x^{4}\cos x\\ -120x^{5}\cos x-3x^{6}\cos x+151\,200x^{2}\sin x+43\,200x^{3}\sin x\\ -2700x^{4}\sin x-180x^{5}\sin x+2x^{6}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{8}}y=\allowbreak \left( -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\right) x^{2}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 3628\,800\sin x-5443\,200\cos x+9676\,800x\cos x\\ +14\,515\,200x\sin x+12\,700\,800x^{2}\cos x-3386\,880x^{3}\cos x\\ -1058\,400x^{4}\cos x+80\,640x^{5}\cos x+7560x^{6}\cos x\\ -8467\,200x^{2}\sin x-160x^{7}\cos x-5080\,320x^{3}\sin x-3x^{8}\cos x\\ +705\,600x^{4}\sin x+120\,960x^{5}\sin x-5040x^{6}\sin x\\ -240x^{7}\sin x+2x^{8}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{10}}y=\allowbreak \frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 10\,886\,400\cos x-7257\,600\sin x-72\,576\,000x\cos x\\ -108\,864\,000x\sin x-244\,944\,000x^{2}\cos x+145\,152\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +95\,256\,000x^{4}\cos x-15\,240\,960x^{5}\cos x-3175\,200x^{6}\cos x\\ +163\,296\,000x^{2}\sin x+172\,800x^{7}\cos x+217\,728\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +12\,150x^{8}\cos x-63\,504\,000x^{4}\sin x-200x^{9}\cos x\\ -22\,861\,440x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+2116\,800x^{6}\sin x\\ +259\,200x^{7}\sin x-8100x^{8}\sin x-300x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{12}}y=\allowbreak -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 718\,502\,400\cos x-479\,001\,600\sin x-1596\,672\,000x\cos x\\ -2395\,008\,000x\sin x-2694\,384\,000x^{2}\cos x+958\,003\,200x^{3}\cos x\\ +419\,126\,400x^{4}\cos x-47\,900\,160x^{5}\cos x-7484\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +1796\,256\,000x^{2}\sin x+316\,800x^{7}\cos x+1437\,004\,800x^{3}\sin x\\ +17\,820x^{8}\cos x-279\,417\,600x^{4}\sin x-240x^{9}\cos x\\ -71\,850\,240x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+4989\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +475\,200x^{7}\sin x-11\,880x^{8}\sin x-360x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{14}}y=\allowbreak \frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 10\,\allowbreak{897}\,286\,400\cos x-7264\,857\,600\sin x-14\,\allowbreak 529\,715\,200x\cos x\\ -21\,\allowbreak{794}\,572\,800x\sin x-16\,\allowbreak{345}\,929\,600x^{2}\cos x+4151\,347\,200x^{3}\cos x\\ +1362\,160\,800x^{4}\cos x-121\,080\,960x^{5}\cos x-15\,135\,120x^{6}\cos x\\ +10\,\allowbreak{897}\,286\,400x^{2}\sin x+524\,160x^{7}\cos x+6227\,020\,800x^{3}\sin x\\ +24\,570x^{8}\cos x-908\,107\,200x^{4}\sin x-280x^{9}\cos x\\ -181\,621\,440x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+10\,090\,080x^{6}\sin x\\ +786\,240x^{7}\sin x-16\,380x^{8}\sin x-420x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{16}}y=\allowbreak \left( -\frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\right) \left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 87\,\allowbreak{178}\,291\,200\cos x-58\,\allowbreak{118}\,860\,800\sin x-83\,\allowbreak{026}\,944\,000x\cos x\\ -124\,\allowbreak{540}\,416\,000x\sin x-70\,\allowbreak{053}\,984\,000x^{2}\cos x+13\,\allowbreak{837}\,824\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +3632\,428\,800x^{4}\cos x-264\,176\,640x^{5}\cos x-27\,518\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +46\,\allowbreak{702}\,656\,000x^{2}\sin x+806\,400x^{7}\cos x+20\,\allowbreak 756\,736\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +32\,400x^{8}\cos x-2421\,619\,200x^{4}\sin x-320x^{9}\cos x\\ -396\,264\,960x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+18\,345\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +1209\,600x^{7}\sin x-21\,600x^{8}\sin x-480x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{18}}y=\allowbreak \frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 476\,\allowbreak{367}\,091\,200\cos x-317\,\allowbreak{578}\,060\,800\sin x-352\,\allowbreak{864}\,512\,000x\cos x\\ -529\,\allowbreak{296}\,768\,000x\sin x-238\,\allowbreak{183}\,545\,600x^{2}\cos x+38\,\allowbreak{494}\,310\,400x^{3}\cos x\\ +8420\,630\,400x^{4}\cos x-518\,192\,640x^{5}\cos x-46\,267\,200x^{6}\cos x\\ +158\,\allowbreak{789}\,030\,400x^{2}\sin x+1175\,040x^{7}\cos x+57\,\allowbreak 741\,465\,600x^{3}\sin x\\ +41\,310x^{8}\cos x-5613\,753\,600x^{4}\sin x-360x^{9}\cos x\\ -777\,288\,960x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+30\,844\,800x^{6}\sin x\\ +1762\,560x^{7}\sin x-27\,540x^{8}\sin x-540x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{20}}y=\allowbreak -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} [c]{c} 2011\,\allowbreak{327}\,718\,400\cos x-1340\,\allowbreak{885}\,145\,600\sin x-1218\,\allowbreak{986}\,496\,000x\cos x\\ -1828\,\allowbreak{479}\,744\,000x\sin x-685\,\allowbreak{679}\,904\,000x^{2}\cos x+93\,\allowbreak{768}\,192\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +17\,\allowbreak{581}\,536\,000x^{4}\cos x-937\,681\,920x^{5}\cos x-73\,256\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +457\,\allowbreak{119}\,936\,000x^{2}\sin x+1641\,600x^{7}\cos x+140\,\allowbreak{652}\,288\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +51\,300x^{8}\cos x-11\,\allowbreak{721}\,024\,000x^{4}\sin x-400x^{9}\cos x\\ -1406\,522\,880x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+48\,837\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +2462\,400x^{7}\sin x-34\,200x^{8}\sin x-600x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) \allowbreak D_{x^{20}}y+10D_{x^{18}}y+45D_{x^{16}}y+120D_{x^{14}}y+210D_{x^{12} }y+\allowbreak{252}D_{x^{10}}y+210D_{x^{8}}y+120D_{x^{6}}y+45D_{x^{4} }y+10D_{x^{2}}y+y =\allowbreak{2}\sin x-3\cos x.
| + | <math display="inline"> L_{i}=\int L_{i}^{\prime }dx, (1\leq i\leq 10)</math>. |
| | | |
− | ==4 Concluding remarks==
| + | It can not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy. |
| | | |
− | When using the classical analytical methods known in the literature for solving the high order linear differential equations, the resulting systems of integral and multivariable linear equations make the numerical calculations of the related physical problems difficult and complex algorithms. However, the method we propose above and proved its validity will remove these difficulties altogether. This simple analytical solution we have presented will help to create a rapid numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solution of high order physical problems.
| + | '''(3) By using the method of undetermined coefficients''' |
| | | |
− | ===BIBLIOGRAPHY=== | + | Let us <math display="inline">y_{P}=\left( \sum _{i=0}^{9}A_{i}x^{i}\right) \cos x+\left( \sum _{i=0}^{9}B_{i}x^{i}\right) \sin x</math>. In this equation, replaces <math display="inline">y,D_{x^{2}}y,...,D_{x^{10}}y</math> and its derivatives. With the identification of the two sides, <math display="inline">A_{i},B_{i}(1\leq i\leq 10)</math> coefficients are determined. It can also not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy. |
| | | |
| + | '''(4) Finally, finding the particular solution by using recommended method in eq.17''' |
| + | |
| + | Since <math display="inline">n=5</math>, the method recommended for the odd value in equation (17) is used. Therefore, |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline"> y_{P}=\frac{x^{n}}{\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n-1}{2}}2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( -k_{1}\cos ax+k_{2}\sin ax\right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | For <math display="inline">a=1,k_{1}=2,k_{2}=-3,n=5</math> yields |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y_{P}=\frac{1}{3840}x^{5}\left( -2\cos x-3\sin x\right)</math>. |
| + | |
| + | '''Proof:''' |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y=y_{P}</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">\begin{array}{ll}(D^{2}+1)^{5}y & =\left( D^{10}+5D^{8}+10D^{6}+10D^{4}+5D^{2}+1\right) y\\ & =D_{x^{10}}y+5D_{x^{8}}y+10D_{x^{6} }y+10D_{x^{4}}y+5D_{x^{2}}y+y \end{array}</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y=\frac{1}{3840}x^{5}\left( -2\cos x-3\sin x\right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{2}}y = \frac{1}{3840}x^{3}\left( 20x\sin x-60\sin x-30x\cos x-40\cos x+2x^{2}\cos x+3x^{2}\sin x\right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{4}}y =\left( -\frac{1}{3840}\right) x\left( \begin{array}{c} 240\cos x+360\sin x+720x\cos x-480x\sin x-240x^{2}\cos x\\ -60x^{3}\cos x+2x^{4}\cos x-360x^{2}\sin x+40x^{3}\sin x+3x^{4}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{6}}y =\frac{1}{3840}\left( \begin{array}{c} 1440\sin x-2160\cos x+3600x\cos x+5400x\sin x+3600x^{2}\cos x\\ -600x^{3}\cos x-90x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x-2400x^{2}\sin x\\ -900x^{3}\sin x+60x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{8}}y =\left( -\frac{1}{3840}\right) \left( \begin{array}{c} 13\,440\sin x-20\,160\cos x+16\,800x\cos x+25\,200x\sin x\\ +10\,080x^{2}\cos x-1120x^{3}\cos x-120x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x\\ -6720x^{2}\sin x-1680x^{3}\sin x+80x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{10}}y= \frac{1}{3840}\left( \begin{array}{c} 60\,480\sin x-90\,720\cos x+50\,400x\cos x+75\,600x\sin x\\ +21\,600x^{2}\cos x-1800x^{3}\cos x-150x^{4}\cos x+2x^{5}\cos x\\ -14\,400x^{2}\sin x-2700x^{3}\sin x+100x^{4}\sin x+3x^{5}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{10}}y+5D_{x^{8}}y+10D_{x^{6}}y+10D_{x^{4}}y+5D_{x^{2}} y + y ={2}\sin x-3\cos x</math> |
| + | |
| + | === Example 2 === |
| + | |
| + | Consider such a differential equation |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">(D^{2}+1)^{10}y=2\sin x-3\cos x</math>. |
| + | |
| + | Since <math display="inline">n=10</math>, the method recommended for the even value in equation (14) is used. Therefore, |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y_{P}=\frac{x^{n}}{\left( -1\right) ^{\frac{n}{2}}2^{n}a^{n}n!}\left( k_{1}\sin ax+k_{2}\cos ax\right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | For <math display="inline">a=1,k_{1}=2,k_{2}=-3,n=10</math> gives |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y_{P}=\left( -\frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\right) x^{10}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | '''Proof''': |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">\begin{array}{l}(D^{2}+1)^{10}y & =\left( \begin{array}{c} D^{20}+10D^{18}+45D^{16}+120D^{14}+210D^{12}+{252}D^{10}\\ +210D^{8}+120D^{6}+45D^{4}+10D^{2}+1 \end{array} \right) y\\ & =D_{x^{20}}y+10D_{x^{18}}y+45D_{x^{16}}y+120D_{x^{14}}y+210D_{x^{12}}y+{252}D_{x^{10}}y\\ |
| + | &+210D_{x^{8}}y+120D_{x^{6}}y+45D_{x^{4}}y+10D_{x^{2}}y+y \end{array}</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">y=-\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{10}\left( 2\sin x-3\cos x\right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{2}}y=-\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{8}\left( \begin{array}{c} 180\sin x-270\cos x+40x\cos x\\ +60x\sin x+3x^{2}\cos x-2x^{2}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{4}}y= -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{6}\left( \begin{array}{c} 10\,080\sin x-15\,120\cos x+5760x\cos x\\ +8640x\sin x+1620x^{2}\cos x-80x^{3}\cos x\\ -3x^{4}\cos x-1080x^{2}\sin x-120x^{3}\sin x+2x^{4}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{6}}y=\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}x^{4}\left( \begin{array}{c} 453\,600\cos x-302\,400\sin x-362\,880x\cos x\\ -544\,320x\sin x-226\,800x^{2}\cos x+28\,800x^{3}\cos x+4050x^{4}\cos x\\ -120x^{5}\cos x-3x^{6}\cos x+151\,200x^{2}\sin x+43\,200x^{3}\sin x\\ -2700x^{4}\sin x-180x^{5}\sin x+2x^{6}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{8}}y=\left( -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\right) x^{2}\left( \begin{array}{c} 3628\,800\sin x-5443\,200\cos x+9676\,800x\cos x\\ +14\,515\,200x\sin x+12\,700\,800x^{2}\cos x-3386\,880x^{3}\cos x\\ -1058\,400x^{4}\cos x+80\,640x^{5}\cos x+7560x^{6}\cos x\\ -8467\,200x^{2}\sin x-160x^{7}\cos x-5080\,320x^{3}\sin x-3x^{8}\cos x\\ +705\,600x^{4}\sin x+120\,960x^{5}\sin x-5040x^{6}\sin x\\ -240x^{7}\sin x+2x^{8}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{10}}y= \frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} 10\,886\,400\cos x-7257\,600\sin x-72\,576\,000x\cos x\\ -108\,864\,000x\sin x-244\,944\,000x^{2}\cos x+145\,152\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +95\,256\,000x^{4}\cos x-15\,240\,960x^{5}\cos x-3175\,200x^{6}\cos x\\ +163\,296\,000x^{2}\sin x+172\,800x^{7}\cos x+217\,728\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +12\,150x^{8}\cos x-63\,504\,000x^{4}\sin x-200x^{9}\cos x\\ -22\,861\,440x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+2116\,800x^{6}\sin x\\ +259\,200x^{7}\sin x-8100x^{8}\sin x-300x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right)</math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{12}}y=-\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} 718\,502\,400\cos x-479\,001\,600\sin x-1596\,672\,000x\cos x\\ -2395\,008\,000x\sin x-2694\,384\,000x^{2}\cos x+958\,003\,200x^{3}\cos x\\ +419\,126\,400x^{4}\cos x-47\,900\,160x^{5}\cos x-7484\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +1796\,256\,000x^{2}\sin x+316\,800x^{7}\cos x+1437\,004\,800x^{3}\sin x\\ +17\,820x^{8}\cos x-279\,417\,600x^{4}\sin x-240x^{9}\cos x\\ -71\,850\,240x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+4989\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +475\,200x^{7}\sin x-11\,880x^{8}\sin x-360x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{14}}y=\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} 10\,{897}\,286\,400\cos x-7264\,857\,600\sin x-14\, 529\,715\,200x\cos x\\ -21\,{794}\,572\,800x\sin x-16\,{345}\,929\,600x^{2}\cos x+4151\,347\,200x^{3}\cos x\\ +1362\,160\,800x^{4}\cos x-121\,080\,960x^{5}\cos x-15\,135\,120x^{6}\cos x\\ +10\,{897}\,286\,400x^{2}\sin x+524\,160x^{7}\cos x+6227\,020\,800x^{3}\sin x\\ +24\,570x^{8}\cos x-908\,107\,200x^{4}\sin x-280x^{9}\cos x\\ -181\,621\,440x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+10\,090\,080x^{6}\sin x\\ +786\,240x^{7}\sin x-16\,380x^{8}\sin x-420x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{16}}y= \left( -\frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\right) \left( \begin{array}{c} 87\,{178}\,291\,200\cos x-58\,{118}\,860\,800\sin x-83\,{026}\,944\,000x\cos x\\ -124\,{540}\,416\,000x\sin x-70\,{053}\,984\,000x^{2}\cos x+13\,{837}\,824\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +3632\,428\,800x^{4}\cos x-264\,176\,640x^{5}\cos x-27\,518\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +46\,{702}\,656\,000x^{2}\sin x+806\,400x^{7}\cos x+20\, 756\,736\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +32\,400x^{8}\cos x-2421\,619\,200x^{4}\sin x-320x^{9}\cos x\\ -396\,264\,960x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+18\,345\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +1209\,600x^{7}\sin x-21\,600x^{8}\sin x-480x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{18}}y=\frac{1}{3715\,891\,200}\left( \begin{array}{c} 476\,{367}\,091\,200\cos x-317\,{578}\,060\,800\sin x-352\,{864}\,512\,000x\cos x\\ -529\,{296}\,768\,000x\sin x-238\,{183}\,545\,600x^{2}\cos x+38\,{494}\,310\,400x^{3}\cos x\\ +8420\,630\,400x^{4}\cos x-518\,192\,640x^{5}\cos x-46\,267\,200x^{6}\cos x\\ +158\,{789}\,030\,400x^{2}\sin x+1175\,040x^{7}\cos x+57\, 741\,465\,600x^{3}\sin x\\ +41\,310x^{8}\cos x-5613\,753\,600x^{4}\sin x-360x^{9}\cos x\\ -777\,288\,960x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+30\,844\,800x^{6}\sin x\\ +1762\,560x^{7}\sin x-27\,540x^{8}\sin x-540x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">D_{x^{20}}y= -\frac{1}{2^{18}3^{4}5^{2}7}\left( \begin{array}{c} 2011\,{327}\,718\,400\cos x-1340\,{885}\,145\,600\sin x-1218\,{986}\,496\,000x\cos x\\ -1828\,{479}\,744\,000x\sin x-685\,{679}\,904\,000x^{2}\cos x+93\,{768}\,192\,000x^{3}\cos x\\ +17\,{581}\,536\,000x^{4}\cos x-937\,681\,920x^{5}\cos x-73\,256\,400x^{6}\cos x\\ +457\,{119}\,936\,000x^{2}\sin x+1641\,600x^{7}\cos x+140\,{652}\,288\,000x^{3}\sin x\\ +51\,300x^{8}\cos x-11\,{721}\,024\,000x^{4}\sin x-400x^{9}\cos x\\ -1406\,522\,880x^{5}\sin x-3x^{10}\cos x+48\,837\,600x^{6}\sin x\\ +2462\,400x^{7}\sin x-34\,200x^{8}\sin x-600x^{9}\sin x+2x^{10}\sin x \end{array} \right) </math> |
| + | |
| + | <math display="inline">\begin{array}{l}D_{x^{20}}y+10D_{x^{18}}y+45D_{x^{16}}y+120D_{x^{14}}y+210D_{x^{12} }y+{252}D_{x^{10}}y+210D_{x^{8}}y\\ |
| + | +120D_{x^{6}}y+45D_{x^{4} }y+10D_{x^{2}}y+y ={2}\sin x-3\cos x.\end{array}</math> |
| + | |
| + | ==4. Concluding remarks== |
| + | |
| + | When using the classical analytical methods known in the literature for solving the high order linear differential equations, the resulting systems of integral and multivariable linear equations make the numerical calculations of the related physical problems difficult and complex algorithms. However, the method we propose above and proved its validity will remove these difficulties altogether. This simple analytical solution we have presented will help to create a rapid numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solution of high order physical problems. |
| + | |
| + | ===References=== |
| + | <div class="auto" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;font-size: 85%;"> |
| <div id="cite-1"></div> | | <div id="cite-1"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-1|[1]]]''' R K Edward and B Saff and A D Snider. (1996) "Fundamentals of Differential Equations". Addison-Wesley
| + | [[#citeF-1|[1]]] R K Edward and B Saff and A D Snider. (1996) Fundamentals of Differential Equations. Addison-Wesley |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-2"></div> | | <div id="cite-2"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-2|[2]]]''' F W J Olver and D W Lozier and R F Boisvert and C W Clark. (2010) "NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions". Cambridge University Press
| + | [[#citeF-2|[2]]] F W J Olver and D W Lozier and R F Boisvert and C W Clark. (2010) NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Cambridge University Press |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-3"></div> | | <div id="cite-3"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-3|[3]]]''' Shawagfeh, N T. (1996) "Analytic Approximate Solution for a Nonlinear Oscillator Equation", Volume 31. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 135--141
| + | [[#citeF-3|[3]]] Shawagfeh, N T. (1996) Analytic Approximate Solution for a Nonlinear Oscillator Equation, Volume 31. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 135--141 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-4"></div> | | <div id="cite-4"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-4|[4]]]''' Shawagfeh, N T. (2004) "A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations", Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688
| + | [[#citeF-4|[4]]] Shawagfeh, N T. (2004) A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations, Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-5"></div> | | <div id="cite-5"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-5|[5]]]''' Jia, J and Sogabe, T. (2013) "On particular solution of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients", Volume 219. Applied Mathematics and Computation 6761--6767
| + | [[#citeF-5|[5]]] Jia, J and Sogabe, T. (2013) On particular solution of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, Volume 219. Applied Mathematics and Computation 6761--6767 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-6"></div> | | <div id="cite-6"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-6|[6]]]''' Ortigueira, M D. (2014) "A simple approach to the particular solution of constant coefficient ordinary differential equations", Volume 232. Applied Mathematics and Computation 254--260
| + | [[#citeF-6|[6]]] Ortigueira, M D. (2014) A simple approach to the particular solution of constant coefficient ordinary differential equations, Volume 232. Applied Mathematics and Computation 254--260 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-7"></div> | | <div id="cite-7"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-7|[7]]]''' Barrio R. (2005) "Performance of the Taylor series method for ODEs/DAEs", Volume 163. Applied Mathematics and Computation 525--545
| + | [[#citeF-7|[7]]] Barrio R. (2005) Performance of the Taylor series method for ODEs/DAEs, Volume 163. Applied Mathematics and Computation 525--545 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-8"></div> | | <div id="cite-8"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-8|[8]]]''' Shanthi, V and Ramanujam, N. (2004) "A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations", Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688
| + | [[#citeF-8|[8]]] Shanthi, V and Ramanujam, N. (2004) A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations, Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-9"></div> | | <div id="cite-9"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-9|[9]]]''' Wang, W and Li,Z. (2006) "A mechanical algorithm for solving ordinary differential equation", Volume 172. Applied Mathematics and Computation 568--583
| + | [[#citeF-9|[9]]] Wang, W and Li,Z. (2006) A mechanical algorithm for solving ordinary differential equation, Volume 172. Applied Mathematics and Computation 568--583 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-10"></div> | | <div id="cite-10"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-10|[10]]]''' Wang, J. (2011) "How to solve the polynomial ordinary differential equations", Volume 218. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2421--2438
| + | [[#citeF-10|[10]]] Wang, J. (2011) How to solve the polynomial ordinary differential equations, Volume 218. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2421--2438 |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-11"></div> | | <div id="cite-11"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-11|[11]]]''' D Zwillinger. (1997) "Handbook of Differential Equations". Academic Press
| + | [[#citeF-11|[11]]] D Zwillinger. (1997) Handbook of Differential Equations. Academic Press |
| | | |
| <div id="cite-12"></div> | | <div id="cite-12"></div> |
− | '''[[#citeF-12|[12]]]''' M Braun. (1997) "Differential Equations and Their Application". Springer-Verlag
| + | [[#citeF-12|[12]]] M Braun. (1997) Differential Equations and Their Application. Springer-Verlag |
− | | + | </div> |
− | \end{array}</math>
| + | |
Latest revision as of 12:29, 20 September 2017
Abstract
We suggest a practical method for obtaining the particular solution of non-homogeneous higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. The proposed method can be applied directly and simply to such problems. We revealed that is valid for the different type of problem by using sample solutions. This simple analytical solution that we have introduced will help to create a fast numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solutions of higher order physical problems.
1. Introduction
Differential equations are vital argument for technical and fundamental sciences. Ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients provide practical utility owing to their mathematical controllable to explain natural phenomena in many areas of science and engineering [1,2]. For example, they are widely used to explain the event of electromagnetic, sound and water wave. Such waves are formulated by homogeneous or non-homogeneous differential equations with higher order linear constant coefficients depend upon source of the phenomena [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10].
We focused on the solutions of the special equation type of non-homogeneous differential equations with high order linear constant coefficients. Solution of the differential equations with this special structure are very intractable to obtain its particular solution, since it requires to cope with several consecutive integral, multi-variable undefined linear equations system and integration of such unknown coefficients in the form of derivative functions [1,2,11,12].
In this work, without solving integral and multivariable linear equation system, a short formula and practices solution technique can be applied to handled problem directly is expressed. The considered differential equation is described by
where . The general solution of a linear differential equation as follows:
where represents the solution of the homogeneous equation and represents also a particular solution for the non-homogeneous differential equations. The solution of discussed problem of homogeneous equation is easy and obtained by the solution of the auxiliary equation. is obtained by the following:
The solution to the homogeneous equation can be found as easily seen. Particular solutions of such equations are written in generally as follows:
where is real coefficient polynomial of . In order to acquire the particular solution of the proposed differential equation, we need the following four lemmas. Four lemmas have been proven below.
Lemma 1.1. If and particular solution is
Proof.
Let Then,
…
Hence
…
If these equations are added to the side-by-side,
we get
If we denote
and
and also
we get the particular solution as below,
Lemma 1.2. If, and , particular solution is
Proof.
Let . Therefore,
…
Hence
…
Here, if these equations are adjoined to each other,
We get
If we denote
and
and also
We get the particular solution as below,
Lemma 1.3. If and , and , particular solution is
Proof.
Let .
Then, and From Lemma 1.1.
…
we obtain the particular solution as below,
Lemma 1.4. If and , and particular solution is
Proof.
Let Therefore,
From Lemma 1.2.
we obtain the particular solution as below,
.
2. A Simple Approach to the Particular Solution, yp
Particular solution of considered differential equations which is linear, constant coefficient, non-homogeneous and higher order differential equation is written as
Using lemmas 1.1.,1.2.,1.3.,1.4. the Euler Identity by writing instead of in (10), it becomes the following:
The particular solution is obtained in two ways depending on being even or odd of . If is even and
Therefore, particular solution (10) for even values of n is obtained below:
Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of (1) for even values of n as follows:
If n is odd and , hence, particular solution (10) is
Therefore, particular solution (10) for odd values of n is obtained below:
Using these result, we obtain the following general solution of (1) for odd values of n as follows:
3. Examples
Example 1
Consider such a differential equation . Solution of this equation: firstly, we solve the homogen equation,
Now, let's try to solve the non-homogeneous equation using the classical methods and then the formula we recommend.
(1) By using the method of consecutive integration
As can be seen, the solution of with this method will be found by integrating ten times in succession. It is clear that integrating in this way is not quick and easy.
(2) By using the method of variation of parameters
Let us . functions are defined as:
Solving above linear equation system, with the derivative functions of using this derivative functions and following integration yields
.
It can not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy.
(3) By using the method of undetermined coefficients
Let us . In this equation, replaces and its derivatives. With the identification of the two sides, coefficients are determined. It can also not be said that these two processes will be quick and easy.
(4) Finally, finding the particular solution by using recommended method in eq.17
Since , the method recommended for the odd value in equation (17) is used. Therefore,
For yields
.
Proof:
Example 2
Consider such a differential equation
.
Since , the method recommended for the even value in equation (14) is used. Therefore,
For gives
Proof:
When using the classical analytical methods known in the literature for solving the high order linear differential equations, the resulting systems of integral and multivariable linear equations make the numerical calculations of the related physical problems difficult and complex algorithms. However, the method we propose above and proved its validity will remove these difficulties altogether. This simple analytical solution we have presented will help to create a rapid numerical algorithm for computers and thus simplify the numerical solution of high order physical problems.
References
[1] R K Edward and B Saff and A D Snider. (1996) Fundamentals of Differential Equations. Addison-Wesley
[2] F W J Olver and D W Lozier and R F Boisvert and C W Clark. (2010) NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Cambridge University Press
[3] Shawagfeh, N T. (1996) Analytic Approximate Solution for a Nonlinear Oscillator Equation, Volume 31. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 135--141
[4] Shawagfeh, N T. (2004) A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations, Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688
[5] Jia, J and Sogabe, T. (2013) On particular solution of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients, Volume 219. Applied Mathematics and Computation 6761--6767
[6] Ortigueira, M D. (2014) A simple approach to the particular solution of constant coefficient ordinary differential equations, Volume 232. Applied Mathematics and Computation 254--260
[7] Barrio R. (2005) Performance of the Taylor series method for ODEs/DAEs, Volume 163. Applied Mathematics and Computation 525--545
[8] Shanthi, V and Ramanujam, N. (2004) A boundary value technique for boundary value problems for singularly perturbed fourth-order ordinary differential equations, Volume 47. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1673--1688
[9] Wang, W and Li,Z. (2006) A mechanical algorithm for solving ordinary differential equation, Volume 172. Applied Mathematics and Computation 568--583
[10] Wang, J. (2011) How to solve the polynomial ordinary differential equations, Volume 218. Applied Mathematics and Computation 2421--2438
[11] D Zwillinger. (1997) Handbook of Differential Equations. Academic Press
[12] M Braun. (1997) Differential Equations and Their Application. Springer-Verlag