Latest revision as of 09:04, 9 June 2017

Open access publishing has advantages for authors. They can share their work freely without infringing copyright restrictions and thereby, reach a wider audience and increase the potential of their work to be read and cited. The advantages of open access publishing are clear to university and research funding bodies and an increasing number of countries and organisations are making moves to encourage and oblige open access to research as explained in my last editorial (Watson 2015). This is to increase the value of published work to the general public who, through taxation and charitable donations, indirectly fund the work.

I am very much in favour of open access publication. However, it is not appreciated by many academics that there is a cost attached to publishing scientific articles. Many are insensible to the cost as they have free access to all the important published content in their field through their university libraries. On the occasions that their university does not hold a subscription, and they are faced with the cost of downloading an article, they see what publishers charge to view and download an article. Many are surprised at the cost and cannot understand why they have to pay as the article is already published. They do not understand that the extent to which something is published – and available to them – means that a publisher has already borne the cost which includes editorial work, production, website maintenance and the salaries of those who have to provide these functions. If the article is available to them via their university library then their university will have borne the cost of purchasing a subscription.

Concomitantly, and traditionally, publishers hold the copyright to published articles. This comes as another shock to many academics, who have done the work that led to their articles, including writing them, and who fail to see why they cannot do what they like with their published work. There is an internal logic to this argument which does not stand up to the test of external factors such as those described above. The publisher has borne the cost of producing and making available articles; without maintaining some control over the use of the published article, how do they recoup their costs? Some complain of the profits publishers make – invariably described as 'excessive' – without seeing the operation as a whole and the fact that in the UK, for example, the publishing industry is a major employer and contributor to the economy. The same people who complain about these job-sustaining profits are often the same who take to the picket lines when their own jobs are under threat; they compound their ignorance of the business model of the publishing industry with their ignorance of the fact that university education also costs money. Expecting free access to published articles is analogous to expecting free access to the postal service simply because you wrote the letter that you wish to post.

The open access movement

Enter the open access movement. It is hard to specify its beginnings but impossible to ignore its influence. Open access to published scientific outputs is now considered 'the norm' and, as described in my previous editorial (Watson 2015), the open access movement has swung political opinion in its favour such that research councils and higher education funding bodies now insist that publications emanating from research they fund and which is assessed by them is published open access. Notwithstanding the green route to open access, there is a supreme irony in the fact that, to publish open access by the gold route (i.e. freely available to read and distribute immediately and in its final published form) in prestigious journals costs more than the average academic can afford. In addition, some publishers have been able to 'double dip' by charging some universities to access content which is subsequently made available open access, although publishers are taking steps to address this (see Wileys policy regarding subscription pricing for hybrid journals, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292054-1058/homepage/article_publication_charges.htm). The costs are no longer insensible, and in the UK universities are spending vast amounts of money supporting open access either by subscription, paying for the publication of articles or, in the case of the green route, setting up expensive repositories and dedicating staff time to ensuring the open access policies are adhered to in order that staff publications meet the specifications of funding bodies. I have no figures to support my argument but I feel safe from contradiction in saying that the overall costs of publishing scientific articles has increased several fold. Did the open access movement anticipate this? I doubt it.

Ethics

The sharp practices of some open access publishers were covered in my previous editorial (Watson 2015) and some of these are, undoubtedly, fraudulent activities. At another level many of these activities breach publication ethics as, essentially, individuals are paying to publish their article, as distinct from paying to publish their article open access. In some cases editorial and peer-review scrutiny are non-existent or very ‘light touch’. As described previously, this is an enormous ‘industry’ taking academics’ money from them and misleading the public who may be misled into thinking that these non-peer-reviewed articles are equal in status to peer-reviewed articles. Another direct, if unintended, consequence of the open access movement.

Publishers and editors involved in open access publishing need to ensure, and let it be known they ensure, that they separate the editorial processes in journals offering open access from the pay to publish open access processes. While the Committee on Publication Ethics have no guidance specific to editorial processes for open access, they do have relevant codes of conduct and the one for publishers (2011a) refers to ‘transparency and integrity’ and the same theme can be seen in their code for editors (2011b) which says that editors must ‘preclude busin-ess needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards’. If editors bowed to publishers' pressures to publish specific articles or more articles for business reasons then a breach of publication ethics would occur. At Nursing Open, and across the Wiley stable, we specify that we do keep these processes separate. In our author guidelines for Nursing Open, we state: ‘After review and acceptance, you will be prompted to sign the Open Access Agreement form’ and for example, in the JAN author guidelines it says:

The Editorial Office should not be informed of the decision to publish Online Open until the manuscript has been accepted. All papers go through the journals standard peer-review process and are accepted or rejected based on their own merit.

At Nursing Open we are determined to ensure that our open access processes do not compromise an ethical approach to publishing and I reiterate from my first editorial (Watson 2014) our commitment to integrity which I described as:

Integrity – Nursing Open will operate according to the highest standards of authorship, peer review, editing and publishing. The ‘pay to publish’ aspect of the journal will be entirely separate from judging the scientific worth of articles. We provide a clear standard template for submission to which all articles must conform, and all submissions will be peer reviewed and edited. The process of publication and any problems or disputes arising throughout that process and after publication will be handled with fairness and equity according to the COPE guidelines.

References

1. Committee on Publication Ethics (2011a) Code of Conduct for Journal Publishers. COPE, London.
2. Committee on Publication Ethics (2011b) Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors. COPE, London.
3. Watson R. (2014) Welcome to Nursing Open. Nursing Open1, 1–2.
4. Watson R. (2015) Whats different about Nursing Open?Nursing Open2, 1–2.

References

1. Benner P., Sutphen M., Leonard V. & Day L. (2010) Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation. Jossey-Bass, San Fransisco, CA.
2. Canadian Institutes of Health Research (2014) About Knowledge Translation. Retrieved from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/39033.html on 23 December 2014.
3. Carr E.C. (2009) Understanding inadequate pain management in the clinical setting: the value of the sequential explanatory mixed method study. Journal of Clinical Nursing18(1), 124–131.
4. Cherryholmes C. (1992) Notes on pragmatism and scientific realism. Educational Researcher21(6), 13–17.
5. Davis D. (2005) Quality, patient safety and the implementation of best evidence: provinces in the country of knowledge translation. Healthcare Quarterly8(Suppl), 128–131.
6. Dewey J. (1931) The development of American Pragmatism. In Pragmatism: The Classic Writings (Thayer H.S., ed.), Hackett, Indianapolis, IN, pp. 23–40.
7. Doane G.H. & Varcoe C. (2005) Toward compassionate action: pragmatism and the inseparability of theory/practice. Advances in Nursing Science28(1), 81–90.
8. Doane G.H. & Varcoe C. (2008) Knowledge translation in everyday nursing: from evidence-based to inquiry-based practice. Advances in Nursing Science31(4), 283.
9. Doyle L., Brady A. & Byrne G. (2009) An overview of mixed methods research. Journal of Research in Nursing14(2), 175–185.
10. Friedrichs J. & Kratochwil F. (2009) On acting and knowing: how pragmatism can advance international relations research and methodology. International Organization63(4), 701–731.
11. Glogowska M. (2011) Paradigms, pragmatism and possibilities: mixed-methods research in speech and language therapy. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders46(3), 251–260.
12. Graham I. & Tetroe J. (2007) Some theoretical underpinnings of knowledge translation. Academic Emergency Medicine14(11), 936–941.
13. Graham I., Logan J., Harrison M.B., Straus S., Tetroe J., Caswell W. & Robinson N. (2006) Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map?Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions26(1), 13–24.
14. Grimshaw J.M., Eccles M.P., Lavis J.N., Hill S.J. & Squires J.E. (2012) Knowledge translation of research findings. Implement Science7(1), 50.
15. Hannes K. & Lockwood C. (2011) Pragmatism as the philosophical foundation for the Joanna Briggs meta-aggregative approach to qualitative evidence synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing67(7), 1632–1642.
16. Hedges J.R. (2007) The knowledge translation paradigm: historical, philosophical and practice perspectives. Academic Emergency Medicine14(11), 924–927.
17. Jacobson N., Butterill D. & Goering P. (2003) Development of a framework for knowledge translation: understanding user context. Journal of health services research & policy8(2), 94–99.
18. James W. (1907) Pragmatisms conception of truth. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods4(6), 141–155.
19. Johnson R.B. & Onwuegbuzie A.J. (2004) Mixed methods research: a research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher33(7), 14–26.
20. Kirkham S.R., Baumbusch J.L., Schultz A.S. & Anderson J.M. (2007) Knowledge development and evidence-based practice: insights and opportunities from a postcolonial feminist perspective for transformative nursing practice. Advances in Nursing Science30(1), 26–40.
21. Logan G. & Graham I. (1998) Toward a comprehensive interdisciplinary model of health care research use. Science Communication20(2), 227–246.
22. Lomas J. (1993) Retailing research: increasing the role of evidence in clinical services for childbirth. The Milbank Quarterly71(3), 439–475.
23. McCready J.S. (2010) Jamesian pragmatism: a framework for working towards unified diversity in nursing knowledge development. Nursing Philosophy11(3), 191–203.
24. Morgan D.L. (2007) Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research1(1), 48–76.
25. Onwuegbuzie A.J., Johnson R.B. & Collins K.M. (2009) Call for mixed analysis: a philosophical framework for combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches3(2), 114–139.
26. Peirce C. (1905) Review of Nichols' A treatise on cosmology. In Meaning and Action: A Critical History of Pragmatism (Thayer H.S., ed.), Hackett, Indianapolis, IN, pp. 493–495.
27. Peirce C. (2013) How to Make Our Ideas Clear 1878. Retrieved from http://www.peirce.org/writings.html on 07 November 2013.
28. Poole N. (2008) Using consciousness-raising principles to inform modern knowledge translation practices in womens health. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research40(2), 76–93.
29. Reimer-Kirkham S., Varcoe C., Browne A.J., Lynam M.J., Khan K.B. & McDonald H. (2009) Critical inquiry and knowledge translation: exploring compatibilities and tensions. Nursing Philosophy10(3), 152–166.
30. Risjord M. (2010) Nursing Knowledge: Science, Practice and Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
31. Rycroft-Malone J. (2004) The PARIHS framework – a framework for guiding the implementation of evidence-based practice.. Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services. Journal of nursing care quality19(4), 297–304.
32. Rycroft-Malone J.O. (2008) Evidence-informed practice: from individual to context. Journal of Nursing Management16(4), 404–408.
33. Stetler C.B. (2001) Updating the Stetler Model of research utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice. Nursing Outlook49(6), 272–279.
34. Straus S., Tetroe J. & Graham I. (2009a) Defining knowledge translation. Canadian Medical Association Journal181(3–4), 165–168.
35. Van De Ven A. (2013) Engaged Scholarship: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research. Oxford U 2\��