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==1 Title, abstract and keywords==
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== Abstract ==
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A general approach [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]]] to modelling various degradation processes in porous building materials, due to combined action of variable chemical, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose. Kinetics of physicochemical processes, like for example: salt crystallization/dissolution [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]], calcium leaching [<span id='cite-3'></span>[[#3|3]]], Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) [<span id='cite-4'></span>[[#4|4]]], and water freezing/thawing [<span id='cite-5'></span>[[#5|5]]], is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy- and momentum balances, the evolution equations describing chemical reactions, as well as the constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. The mutual couplings between the chemical, hygral, thermal and mechanical processes are presented and discussed, both from the viewpoint of physicochemical mechanisms and mathematical modelling. Numerical methods used for solution of the model governing equations are presented. For this purpose the finite element method is applied for space discretization and the finite difference method for integration in the time domain.
  
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Your paper should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
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Four examples of the model application for analysing transient chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical processes in porous building materials are presented and discussed. The first example concerns the salt crystallization during drying of a wall made of concrete or ceramic brick, causing degradation of surface layer due to development of crystallization pressure. The second one deals with calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to chemical attack of pure water, exposed to gradients of temperature and pressure. The third one describes cracking of concrete element, caused by development of expanding products of ASR. The fourth example concerns freezing and thawing of a wet concrete wall in variable temperature and relative humidity.
  
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Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
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== Recording of the presentation ==
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{| style="font-size:120%; color: #222222; border: 1px solid darkgray; background: #f3f3f3; table-layout: fixed; width:100%;"
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An abstract is required for every paper; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
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| {{#evt:service=youtube|id=https://youtu.be/Bh68gevAm_U | alignment=center}}
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==2 The main text==
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|- style="text-align: center;"  
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| Location: San Servolo Complex.  
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You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
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|- style="text-align: center;"
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| Date: 18 - 20 May 2015, San Servo Island, Venice, Italy.
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Most of the papers in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific journals in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
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===2.1 Subsections===
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Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
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===2.2 General guidelines===
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:*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.
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:*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).
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:*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
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===2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations===
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Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text (<span id='cite-_Ref382560620'></span>[[#_Ref382560620|table 1]], table 2, etc.) and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
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{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;border: 1pt solid black;border-collapse: collapse;"
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| style="text-align: center;"|Thickness
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| style="text-align: center;"|3.175 mm
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| style="text-align: center;"|Young Modulus
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| style="text-align: center;"|12.74 MPa
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| style="text-align: center;"|Poisson coefficient
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| style="text-align: center;"|0.25
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| style="text-align: center;"|Density
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| style="text-align: center;"|1107 kg/m<sup>3</sup>
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<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 
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<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Table 1: Material properties</span></div>
 
  
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Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.
 
  
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<span id='_Ref448852946'></span>
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== General Information ==
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<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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* Location: San Servolo Complex, Venice, Italy.
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[[Image:Scipedia.gif|center|480px]]
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* Date: 18 - 20 May 2015, San Servo Island, Venice, Italy.
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</div>
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* Secretariat: [//www.cimne.com/ International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE)].
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<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Figure 1. Scipedia logo.</span></div>
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Number the figures according to their sequence in the text (<span id='cite-_Ref448852946'></span>[[#_Ref448852946|figure 1]], figure 2, etc.). Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material
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== External Links ==
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* [//congress.cimne.com/coupled2015/frontal/default.asp IV Coupled] Official Website of the Conference.
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* [//www.cimnemultimediachannel.com/ CIMNE Multimedia Channel]
  
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For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.
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(1)
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===2.4 Supplementary material===
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Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file.
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==3 Bibliography==
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Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the paper is [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]]], the second [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen (e.g. [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]], <span id='cite-3'></span>[[#3|3]]] or [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]-<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#4|4]]]).
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<span id='_Ref449084254'></span>
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You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to papers published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [<span id='cite-1'></span>[[#1|1]]], other journal articles [<span id='cite-2'></span>[[#2|2]]], books [<span id='cite-3'></span>[[#3|3]]], book chapter [<span id='cite-4'></span>[[#4|4]]], conference proceedings [<span id='cite-5'></span>[[#5|5]]], and online documents [<span id='cite-6'></span>[[#6|6]]], shown in references section below.
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==4 Acknowledgments==
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==5 References==
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[[#cite-1|[1]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Article code. Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/ucode. http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.]
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[[#cite-1|[1]]] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical
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phenomena in building materials”, Bulletin of The Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical
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Sciences, Vol. 61(1), pp. 51-63, (2013).
 
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[[#cite-2|[2]]] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Volume number, first page-last page.
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[[#cite-2|[2]]] M. Koniorczyk and D. Gawin, “Modelling of salt crystallization in building materials with
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microstructure - poromechanical approach”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 36, pp.
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860-873, (2012).
 
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[[#cite-3|[3]]] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[[#cite-3|[3]]] D. Gawin, F. Pesavento and B.A. Schrefler, “Modeling deterioration of cementitious materials
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exposed to calcium leaching in non-isothermal conditions”, Computer Methods in Applied
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Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 198(37-40), pp. 3051-3083, (2009).
 
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[[#cite-4|[4]]] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[[#cite-4|[4]]] F. Pesavento, D. Gawin D., M. Wyrzykowski, B.A. Schrefler and L. Simoni, “Modeling alkalisilica
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reaction in non-isothermal, partially saturated cement based materials”, Computer Methods
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in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 225-228, pp. 95-115, (2012).
 
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[[#cite-5|[5]]] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.
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[[#cite-5|[5]]] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of water freezing in water saturated
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building materials – kinetic approach” (in preparation).
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[[#cite-6|[6]]] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: [http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf]. [Accessed day, month and year].
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Latest revision as of 16:05, 20 July 2016

Abstract

A general approach [1] to modelling various degradation processes in porous building materials, due to combined action of variable chemical, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, is presented. Mechanics of multiphase porous media and damage mechanics are applied for this purpose. Kinetics of physicochemical processes, like for example: salt crystallization/dissolution [2], calcium leaching [3], Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) [4], and water freezing/thawing [5], is described with evolution equations based on thermodynamics of chemical reactions. The mass-, energy- and momentum balances, the evolution equations describing chemical reactions, as well as the constitutive and physical relations are briefly summarized. The mutual couplings between the chemical, hygral, thermal and mechanical processes are presented and discussed, both from the viewpoint of physicochemical mechanisms and mathematical modelling. Numerical methods used for solution of the model governing equations are presented. For this purpose the finite element method is applied for space discretization and the finite difference method for integration in the time domain.

Four examples of the model application for analysing transient chemo-hygro-thermo-mechanical processes in porous building materials are presented and discussed. The first example concerns the salt crystallization during drying of a wall made of concrete or ceramic brick, causing degradation of surface layer due to development of crystallization pressure. The second one deals with calcium leaching from a concrete wall due to chemical attack of pure water, exposed to gradients of temperature and pressure. The third one describes cracking of concrete element, caused by development of expanding products of ASR. The fourth example concerns freezing and thawing of a wet concrete wall in variable temperature and relative humidity.

Recording of the presentation

Location: San Servolo Complex.
Date: 18 - 20 May 2015, San Servo Island, Venice, Italy.


General Information

External Links

References

[1] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of hydro-thermo-chemo-mechanical phenomena in building materials”, Bulletin of The Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences, Vol. 61(1), pp. 51-63, (2013).

[2] M. Koniorczyk and D. Gawin, “Modelling of salt crystallization in building materials with microstructure - poromechanical approach”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 36, pp. 860-873, (2012).

[3] D. Gawin, F. Pesavento and B.A. Schrefler, “Modeling deterioration of cementitious materials exposed to calcium leaching in non-isothermal conditions”, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 198(37-40), pp. 3051-3083, (2009).

[4] F. Pesavento, D. Gawin D., M. Wyrzykowski, B.A. Schrefler and L. Simoni, “Modeling alkalisilica reaction in non-isothermal, partially saturated cement based materials”, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 225-228, pp. 95-115, (2012).

[5] D. Gawin, M. Koniorczyk and F. Pesavento, “Modelling of water freezing in water saturated building materials – kinetic approach” (in preparation).

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