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==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
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==Abstract==
  
Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
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In terms of energy, the Earth is an open system: it constantly receives energy from solar radiation and emits the same amount of energy in the form of more degraded radiation; the displacement of the equilibrium point between these two flows due to the growth of greenhouse gases, increases the average temperature of the Earth and causes climate change. On the other hand, in relation to matter, the Earth is a closed system, apart from the sporadic fall of some meteor. Nature has the ability to regenerate the organic materials of living beings but not with many other materials.
  
An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
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Today, the volume of materials involved in human activities is 12.5 tons per person per year (1.5 to 4 times more in rich countries): 25% of the total comes from biomass (including food), 15% are fossil fuels, 10% are metal ores, 42% are other minerals (mainly for construction) and 8% are recycled. On the other hand, obtaining and transporting materials worldwide requires more than 40% of the energy of the human system, a value that is growing with the use of increasingly rare, scarce and dispersed materials. The overexploitation of resources coupled with the increasing use of non-renewable energy resources (fossil fuels and uranium), with the consequent energy and climate crisis and the deterioration of the environment, leads both to a change in the energy model and to rethinking the practices today dominant of continuous economic growth and the linear economy based on extract-use-throw.
  
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The purpose of this communication is, after presenting the figures on the global metabolism of materials, to reflect on some of the new attitudes and actions that will need to be adopted within the framework of sustainable development. By way of example, the following are cited: 1) Moderate, reduce, eliminate the use of materials where possible; 2) Extend the life of goods and material infrastructures; 3) Reuse, recover, recycle materials; 4) Return as much as possible biologically based materials, more recyclable; 5) Avoid, as far as possible, technologies based on rare or scarce materials; 6) Avoid the dispersion of materials in the environment (atmosphere, water, soil); 7) Encourage the use of local materials in order to minimize transport and its energy impact; 8) Take care of the quality and good health of basic resources: air, water and fertile soil.
  
  
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==Resum==
  
==2 The main text<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
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Pel que fa a l’energia, la Terra és un sistema obert: rep constantment l’energia de la radiació solar i emet la mateixa quantitat d’energia en forma de radiació més degradada; el desplaçament del punt d’equilibri entre aquests dos fluxos degut al creixement dels gasos amb efecte hivernacle, augmenta la temperatura mitjana de la Terra i causa el canvi climàtic. Per contra, pel que fa a la matèria, la Terra és un sistema tancat, fora de la caiguda esporàdica d’algun meteor. La naturalesa té la capacitat de regenerar els materials orgànics dels éssers vius però no d’altres materials.
  
Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
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Avui dia, el volum de materials involucrat en les activitats humanes és de 12,5 tones per persona i any (de 1,5 a 4 vegades més en els països rics): el 25% del total prové de la biomassa (inclou l’alimentació), el 15% són combustibles fòssils, el 10% són menes de metalls, el 42% són altres minerals (bàsicament destinats a la construcció) i el 8% és reciclat. Per altra costat, l’obtenció i el transport mundial de materials requereix més del 40% de l’energia del sistema humà, valor que va en augment amb l’ús de materials cada cop més rars, escassos i dispersos. La sobreexplotació dels recursos aparellada amb l’ús creixent de recursos energètics no renovables (combustibles fòssils i urani), amb la conseqüent crisi energètica i climàtica i el deteriorament dels medis, porta tant a un canvi de model energètic com a replantejar les pràctiques avui dia dominants del creixement continu i de l’economia lineal basada en extreure-usar-llançar.
  
 
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El propòsit d’aquesta comunicació es, després d’exposar les xifres sobre el metabolisme mundial dels materials, reflexionar sobre algunes de les noves actituds i accions que caldrà adoptar en el marc d’un desenvolupament sostenible. A títol d’exemple, se citen les següents: 1) Moderar, disminuir, eliminar l’ús de materials en el possible; 2) Allargar la vida dels béns i les infraestructures materials; 3) Reutilitzar, recuperar, reciclar els materials; 4) Retornar en el possible vers materials de base biològica, més reciclables; 5) Evitar en el possible les tecnologies basades en materials rars o escassos; 6) Evitar la dispersió dels materials en els medis (atmosfera, aigües, sòls); 7) Fomentar l’ús de materials de proximitat a fi de minimitzar el transport i el seu impacte energètic; 8) Cuidar la qualitat i la bona salut dels recursos bàsics: aire, aigües i sòls fèrtils.
2.1 Subsections
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Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
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2.2 General guidelines
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Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:
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*  Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.
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*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.
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*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).
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*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
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2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations
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Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
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Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.
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Number the figures according to their sequence in the text. Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material
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For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.
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1. The first entry in this list
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2. The second entry
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2.1. A subentry
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3. The last entry
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* A bulleted list item
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* Another one
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You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. (1].
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2.4 Supplementary material
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Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. -->==
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==3 Bibliography<!--
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Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the document is [1], the second [2], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen
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You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to documents published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [1], other publication articles [2], books [3], book chapter [4], conference proceedings [5], and online documents [6], shown in references section below. -->==
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==4 Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
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==5 References<!--[1] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Article code. Available: http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.
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[2] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Volume number, first page-last page.
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[3] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[4] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[5] Author, E. (Year, Month date). Title of the article. In A. Editor, B. Editor, and C. Editor. Title of published proceedings. Paper presented at title of conference, Volume number, first page-last page. Place of publication.
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[6] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf.  
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Latest revision as of 10:01, 1 June 2024

Abstract

In terms of energy, the Earth is an open system: it constantly receives energy from solar radiation and emits the same amount of energy in the form of more degraded radiation; the displacement of the equilibrium point between these two flows due to the growth of greenhouse gases, increases the average temperature of the Earth and causes climate change. On the other hand, in relation to matter, the Earth is a closed system, apart from the sporadic fall of some meteor. Nature has the ability to regenerate the organic materials of living beings but not with many other materials.

Today, the volume of materials involved in human activities is 12.5 tons per person per year (1.5 to 4 times more in rich countries): 25% of the total comes from biomass (including food), 15% are fossil fuels, 10% are metal ores, 42% are other minerals (mainly for construction) and 8% are recycled. On the other hand, obtaining and transporting materials worldwide requires more than 40% of the energy of the human system, a value that is growing with the use of increasingly rare, scarce and dispersed materials. The overexploitation of resources coupled with the increasing use of non-renewable energy resources (fossil fuels and uranium), with the consequent energy and climate crisis and the deterioration of the environment, leads both to a change in the energy model and to rethinking the practices today dominant of continuous economic growth and the linear economy based on extract-use-throw.

The purpose of this communication is, after presenting the figures on the global metabolism of materials, to reflect on some of the new attitudes and actions that will need to be adopted within the framework of sustainable development. By way of example, the following are cited: 1) Moderate, reduce, eliminate the use of materials where possible; 2) Extend the life of goods and material infrastructures; 3) Reuse, recover, recycle materials; 4) Return as much as possible biologically based materials, more recyclable; 5) Avoid, as far as possible, technologies based on rare or scarce materials; 6) Avoid the dispersion of materials in the environment (atmosphere, water, soil); 7) Encourage the use of local materials in order to minimize transport and its energy impact; 8) Take care of the quality and good health of basic resources: air, water and fertile soil.


Resum

Pel que fa a l’energia, la Terra és un sistema obert: rep constantment l’energia de la radiació solar i emet la mateixa quantitat d’energia en forma de radiació més degradada; el desplaçament del punt d’equilibri entre aquests dos fluxos degut al creixement dels gasos amb efecte hivernacle, augmenta la temperatura mitjana de la Terra i causa el canvi climàtic. Per contra, pel que fa a la matèria, la Terra és un sistema tancat, fora de la caiguda esporàdica d’algun meteor. La naturalesa té la capacitat de regenerar els materials orgànics dels éssers vius però no d’altres materials.

Avui dia, el volum de materials involucrat en les activitats humanes és de 12,5 tones per persona i any (de 1,5 a 4 vegades més en els països rics): el 25% del total prové de la biomassa (inclou l’alimentació), el 15% són combustibles fòssils, el 10% són menes de metalls, el 42% són altres minerals (bàsicament destinats a la construcció) i el 8% és reciclat. Per altra costat, l’obtenció i el transport mundial de materials requereix més del 40% de l’energia del sistema humà, valor que va en augment amb l’ús de materials cada cop més rars, escassos i dispersos. La sobreexplotació dels recursos aparellada amb l’ús creixent de recursos energètics no renovables (combustibles fòssils i urani), amb la conseqüent crisi energètica i climàtica i el deteriorament dels medis, porta tant a un canvi de model energètic com a replantejar les pràctiques avui dia dominants del creixement continu i de l’economia lineal basada en extreure-usar-llançar.

El propòsit d’aquesta comunicació es, després d’exposar les xifres sobre el metabolisme mundial dels materials, reflexionar sobre algunes de les noves actituds i accions que caldrà adoptar en el marc d’un desenvolupament sostenible. A títol d’exemple, se citen les següents: 1) Moderar, disminuir, eliminar l’ús de materials en el possible; 2) Allargar la vida dels béns i les infraestructures materials; 3) Reutilitzar, recuperar, reciclar els materials; 4) Retornar en el possible vers materials de base biològica, més reciclables; 5) Evitar en el possible les tecnologies basades en materials rars o escassos; 6) Evitar la dispersió dels materials en els medis (atmosfera, aigües, sòls); 7) Fomentar l’ús de materials de proximitat a fi de minimitzar el transport i el seu impacte energètic; 8) Cuidar la qualitat i la bona salut dels recursos bàsics: aire, aigües i sòls fèrtils.

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Published on 01/06/24
Submitted on 28/04/24

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