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==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
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==Abstract ==
  
Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
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The configuration of current civilization would not be conceivable without abundant and cheap transport: the dominant trends of recent decades such as the globalization of the economy, the segmentation of productive processes in distant places, the metabolism of large cities fueled by distant resources or mass tourism, would not have been possible.
  
An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
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During the first two decades of the 21st century, world passenger transport has grown like population (26.5%), but world freight transport has more than doubled (115% increase) to reach 53 tkm/ hab/day (tons x km per inhabitant and day). The characteristics of oil and its derivatives (gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil), with high energy densities (around 10 kWh/kg and around 8 kWh/litre), rapid recharge and artificially low costs by not including outsourcing, have led to a close correlation with transport and its growth: today 95% of transport (land, sea, air) is powered by petroleum products and 75% of oil is used for transport.
  
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Electricity, the main renewable energy vector in the transport of the future, represents a substantial improvement in the performance of the driving elements but requires important power systems (storage in batteries, hydrogen and fuel cell, electrified catenary) that will be necessary implement to reconvert the centralized system of obtaining and distributing fossil fuels to mostly distributed systems of electric energy and hydrogen. It is necessary to rule out the obtaining of biofuels from crops, in collision with food and of very low yields, and limit them only to small amounts obtained from waste.
  
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The transition in transport, based on renewable energy vectors and in the framework of sustainable development, will bring important changes and limitations with respect to some of the characteristics and uses we are used to today with oil, but also advantages and new possibilities. The purpose of this communication is to analyse these issues and explore the incidence of renewable transport in the current dominant trends and in the sustainable development of the future
  
  
==2 The main text<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
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==Resum==
  
Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
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La configuració de la civilització actual no seria concebible sense disposar d’un transport abundant i barat: les tendències dominants de les darreres dècades com la globalització de l’economia, la segmentació de processos productius en indrets distants, el metabolisme de les grans ciutats alimentat amb recursos llunyans o el turisme massiu, no haurien estat possibles.
  
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Durant les dues primeres dècades del segle XXI, el transport mundial de passatgers ha crescut com la població (26,5%), però el transport mundial de mercaderies ha més que duplicat (augment de 115%) fins arribar a 53 tkm/hab/dia (tones x km per habitant i dia). Les característiques del petroli i els seus derivats (gasolina, gasoil, querosè i fueloil), de densitats energètiques elevades (uns 10 kWh/kg i uns 8 kWh/litre), recàrrega ràpida i costos artificialment baixos en no incloure les externalitzacions, han conduït a una correlació estreta amb el transport i el seu creixement: avui dia el 95% del transport (terrestre, marítim, aeri) s’alimenta amb derivats del petroli i el 75% del petroli es destina al transport.
  
2.1 Subsections
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L’electricitat, el principal vector energètic renovable en el transport del futur, suposa una substancial millora en el rendiment dels elements motrius però requereix importants sistemes d’alimentació (emmagatzematge en bateries, hidrogen i pila de combustible, catenària electrificada) que caldrà implementar per reconvertir el sistema centralitzat d’obtenció i distribució dels combustibles fòssils a sistemes majoritàriament distribuïts d’energia elèctrica i d’hidrogen. Cal descartar l’obtenció de biocarburants de cultius, en col·lisió amb els aliments i de rendiments molt baixos, i limitar-los tan sols a petites quantitats obtingudes de residus.
  
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
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La transició en el transport, en base a vectors energètics renovables i en el marc del desenvolupament sostenible, comportarà canvis i limitacions importants respecte a algunes de les característiques i usos a què estem acostumats avui amb el petroli, però també avantatges i noves possibilitats. La present comunicació té per objecte analitzar aquestes qüestions i explorar la incidència transport renovable en les tendències dominants actuals i en el desenvolupament sostenible del futur.
 
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2.2 General guidelines
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Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:
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*  Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.
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*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.
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*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).
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*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
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2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations
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Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
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Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.
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Number the figures according to their sequence in the text. Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material
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For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.
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1. The first entry in this list
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You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. (1].
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2.4 Supplementary material
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Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. -->==
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==3 Bibliography<!--
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Citations in text will follow a citation-sequence system (i.e. sources are numbered by order of reference so that the first reference cited in the document is [1], the second [2], and so on) with the number of the reference in square brackets. Once a source has been cited, the same number is used in all subsequent references. If the numbers are not in a continuous sequence, use commas (with no spaces) between numbers. If you have more than two numbers in a continuous sequence, use the first and last number of the sequence joined by a hyphen
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You should ensure that all references are cited in the text and that the reference list. References should preferably refer to documents published in Scipedia. Unpublished results should not be included in the reference list, but can be mentioned in the text. The reference data must be updated once publication is ready. Complete bibliographic information for all cited references must be given following the standards in the field (IEEE and ISO 690 standards are recommended). If possible, a hyperlink to the referenced publication should be given. See examples for Scipedia’s articles [1], other publication articles [2], books [3], book chapter [4], conference proceedings [5], and online documents [6], shown in references section below. -->==
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==4 Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
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==5 References<!--[1] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Article code. Available: http://www.scipedia.com/ucode.
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[2] Author, A. and Author, B. (Year) Title of the article. Title of the Publication. Volume number, first page-last page.
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[3] Author, C. (Year). Title of work: Subtitle (edition.). Volume(s). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[4] Author of Part, D. (Year). Title of chapter or part. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title: Subtitle of book (edition, inclusive page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.
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[6] Institution or author. Title of the document. Year. [Online] (Date consulted: day, month and year). Available: http://www.scipedia.com/document.pdf.
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Latest revision as of 10:01, 1 June 2024

Abstract

The configuration of current civilization would not be conceivable without abundant and cheap transport: the dominant trends of recent decades such as the globalization of the economy, the segmentation of productive processes in distant places, the metabolism of large cities fueled by distant resources or mass tourism, would not have been possible.

During the first two decades of the 21st century, world passenger transport has grown like population (26.5%), but world freight transport has more than doubled (115% increase) to reach 53 tkm/ hab/day (tons x km per inhabitant and day). The characteristics of oil and its derivatives (gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil), with high energy densities (around 10 kWh/kg and around 8 kWh/litre), rapid recharge and artificially low costs by not including outsourcing, have led to a close correlation with transport and its growth: today 95% of transport (land, sea, air) is powered by petroleum products and 75% of oil is used for transport.

Electricity, the main renewable energy vector in the transport of the future, represents a substantial improvement in the performance of the driving elements but requires important power systems (storage in batteries, hydrogen and fuel cell, electrified catenary) that will be necessary implement to reconvert the centralized system of obtaining and distributing fossil fuels to mostly distributed systems of electric energy and hydrogen. It is necessary to rule out the obtaining of biofuels from crops, in collision with food and of very low yields, and limit them only to small amounts obtained from waste.

The transition in transport, based on renewable energy vectors and in the framework of sustainable development, will bring important changes and limitations with respect to some of the characteristics and uses we are used to today with oil, but also advantages and new possibilities. The purpose of this communication is to analyse these issues and explore the incidence of renewable transport in the current dominant trends and in the sustainable development of the future


Resum

La configuració de la civilització actual no seria concebible sense disposar d’un transport abundant i barat: les tendències dominants de les darreres dècades com la globalització de l’economia, la segmentació de processos productius en indrets distants, el metabolisme de les grans ciutats alimentat amb recursos llunyans o el turisme massiu, no haurien estat possibles.

Durant les dues primeres dècades del segle XXI, el transport mundial de passatgers ha crescut com la població (26,5%), però el transport mundial de mercaderies ha més que duplicat (augment de 115%) fins arribar a 53 tkm/hab/dia (tones x km per habitant i dia). Les característiques del petroli i els seus derivats (gasolina, gasoil, querosè i fueloil), de densitats energètiques elevades (uns 10 kWh/kg i uns 8 kWh/litre), recàrrega ràpida i costos artificialment baixos en no incloure les externalitzacions, han conduït a una correlació estreta amb el transport i el seu creixement: avui dia el 95% del transport (terrestre, marítim, aeri) s’alimenta amb derivats del petroli i el 75% del petroli es destina al transport.

L’electricitat, el principal vector energètic renovable en el transport del futur, suposa una substancial millora en el rendiment dels elements motrius però requereix importants sistemes d’alimentació (emmagatzematge en bateries, hidrogen i pila de combustible, catenària electrificada) que caldrà implementar per reconvertir el sistema centralitzat d’obtenció i distribució dels combustibles fòssils a sistemes majoritàriament distribuïts d’energia elèctrica i d’hidrogen. Cal descartar l’obtenció de biocarburants de cultius, en col·lisió amb els aliments i de rendiments molt baixos, i limitar-los tan sols a petites quantitats obtingudes de residus.

La transició en el transport, en base a vectors energètics renovables i en el marc del desenvolupament sostenible, comportarà canvis i limitacions importants respecte a algunes de les característiques i usos a què estem acostumats avui amb el petroli, però també avantatges i noves possibilitats. La present comunicació té per objecte analitzar aquestes qüestions i explorar la incidència transport renovable en les tendències dominants actuals i en el desenvolupament sostenible del futur.

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