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==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
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==Abstract==
  
Provide a maximum of 6 keywords, and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field should be used. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
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Louis Armand, in 1962, said that the railway was an invention of the 19th century, that it had to make efforts to survive during the 20th century and that it would become essential in the 21st century. Indeed, today the interoperability of the railway is already the main link of intermodality with roads and other European means of transport.
  
An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
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The main reason for this success is that the train is, after the ship, the most efficient passenger and goods transport system. The reason is clear: it consumes between 4 and 10 times less energy than the plane or the road for each passenger-km or tonne-km transported. In addition, the driving energy of the train is already decarbonizing.
  
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Since 1970, when the Club of Rome and the Meadows couple said in the "limits to growth" we believed that the combustion gases of certain hydrocarbons were the main cause of the greenhouse effect. Today, global public opinion has internalized that climate change threatens human life on earth. It is also possible that Armand read it from Fourier, Tyndall or Arrenius who discovered it earlier.
  
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However, transport by road, ship and plane produces 38% of the gases, while the train produces 1% which will be zero when the electricity is clean. Start now, the electrification of cars, trucks and airplanes as far as possible. And in parallel, also as far as possible, the transition of all transport towards train and ship, which consume less energy per tonne-km transported.
  
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We don't have the crystal ball to know what will happen. But today it seems clear that synthetic fuels will be expensive and scarce. Therefore, they will be reserved for vehicles with no alternative. It also seems that hydrogen will be suitable for use in high temperature combustions. And it also seems that clean renewable energies have a future.
  
==2 The main text<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
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For all this, the European Union has published between 1992 and 2016, four Packages of Railway Directives that represent a revolution in European transport. They have been discussed in Europe but ignored in Spain. Now they are being activated, something that takes the Iberian railway on a counter foot. This essay analyzes what is happening and gives ideas for integrating the railway in Europe.
  
Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
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These ideas are an extension of the work that the author, together with the Road Engineer Carles Viader Soler, carried out in 2020 with the title "Ideas for the rail transition in Catalonia" which was awarded the 2022 Miquel Biada Prize to the best work on infrastructures in the 2021-2022 biennium instituted by the Catalan Society of Economics and supported by the Institute of Catalan Studies.
  
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The transport transition that Catalonia must make will be complex, as geographically it will be the main hub between the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. But in addition, sector-wise it must coordinate with the road, navigation and aviation. All of this requires a global vision that is largely already initiated in the aforementioned work.
  
2.1 Subsections
 
  
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
 
  
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==Resum==
  
2.2 General guidelines
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Louis Armand, a 1962, va dir que el ferrocarril era un invent del Segle XIX, que tenia de fer esforços per sobreviure durant el Segle XX i què esdevindria essencial al Segle XXI. Efectivament avui la interoperabilitat del ferrocarril ja és el principal eslavó de la intermodalitat amb les carreteres i altres medis de transport europeus.
  
Some general guidelines that should be followed in your manuscripts are:
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La principal raó d’aquest èxit, és deu a que el tren és desprès del vaixell, el sistema de transport de viatgers i mercaderies més eficient.. La raó es clara: consumeix entre 4 i 10 vegades menys energia que l’avió o la carretera per cada viatger-km o tona-km transportada. A més, la energia impulsora del tren ja s’està descarbonitzant.
  
*  Avoid hyphenation at the end of a line.
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Des de 1970, quan El Club de Roma i el matrimoni Meadows van dir en els “límits del creixement” ens vàrem creure que els gasos de combustió de certs hidrocarburs eren la principal causa del efecte hivernacle. Avui, la opinió publica mundial ho ha interioritzat que el canvi climàtic amenaça la vida humana a la terra. També és possible que Armand ho llegís de Fourier, Tyndall o Arrenius que ho descobriren abans.
  
*  Symbols denoting vectors and matrices should be indicated in bold type. Scalar variable names should normally be expressed using italics.
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Sigui com sigui, el transport per carretera, vaixell i avió, produeix el 38% dels gasos, mentre que el tren en produeix el 1 % que serà zero quan la electricitat sigui neta. Comença dons, la electrificació fins on es pugui de autos, camions i avions. I en paral·lel, també fins on el pugui, la transició de tots els transports cap al tren i el vaixell, que son els que consumeixen menys energia per tona-km transportat.
  
*  Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for thousands (10 000 and above).
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No tenim la bola de vidre per saber el que passarà. Però avui sembla clar que els combustibles sintètics, seran cars i escassos. Per tant es reservaran pels vehicles sense alternativa. També sembla que l’hidrogen serà adient per servir a las combustions d’alta temperatura. I també sembla que les energies renovable netes tenen futur. 
  
*  Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions. In particular use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
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Per tot això, la Unió Europea ha publicat entre 1992 i 2016, quatre Paquets de Directives Ferroviàries que representen una revolució del transport europeu. Han estat discutides a Europa però ignorades a Espanya. Ara s’estan activant cosa que agafa al ferrocarril ibèric a contrapeu. Aquest assaig analitza el que està passant i dona les idees per integrar el ferrocarril a Europa.
  
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Aquestes idees son una extensió del treball que l’autor, conjuntament amb l’Enginyer de Camins Carles Viader Soler, va realitzar a 2020 amb el títol “Idees per la transició ferroviària a Catalunya” que va ser guardonat amb el Premi Miquel Biada de 2022 al millor treball sobre infraestructures en el bienni 2021-2022 instituït per la Societat Catalana d’Economia i emparat pel Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
  
2.3 Tables, figures, lists and equations
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La transició del transport que necessàriament ha de fer Catalunya, serà complexa ja que geogràficament serà la principal ròtula entre la Península Iberica i Europa. Però a més, sectorialment ha de coordinar-se amb la carretera, la navegació i l’aviació. Tot això obliga a una visió global que en bona part ja està iniciada al treball esmentat.
  
Please insert tables as editable text and not as images. Tables should be placed next to the relevant text in the article. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text and place any table notes below the table body. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in them do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
 
  
Graphics may be inserted directly in the document and positioned as they should appear in the final manuscript.
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==Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
 
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Number the figures according to their sequence in the text. Ensure that each illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Try to keep the resolution of the figures to a minimum of 300 dpi. If a finer resolution is required, the figure can be inserted as supplementary material
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For tabular summations that do not deserve to be presented as a table, lists are often used. Lists may be either numbered or bulleted. Below you see examples of both.
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1. The first entry in this list
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2. The second entry
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2.1. A subentry
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3. The last entry
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* A bulleted list item
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* Another one
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You may choose to number equations for easy referencing. In that case they must be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Below is an example of formulae that should be referenced as eq. (1].
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2.4 Supplementary material
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Supplementary material can be inserted to support and enhance your article. This includes video material, animation sequences, background datasets, computational models, sound clips and more. In order to ensure that your material is directly usable, please provide the files with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. Please supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. -->==
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Ferrocarril, el medio de transporte del siglo XXI, 2013
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Editorial Doble ERRE
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==4 Acknowledgments<!-- Acknowledgments should be inserted at the end of the document, before the references section. -->==
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Revision as of 17:10, 7 May 2024

Abstract

Louis Armand, in 1962, said that the railway was an invention of the 19th century, that it had to make efforts to survive during the 20th century and that it would become essential in the 21st century. Indeed, today the interoperability of the railway is already the main link of intermodality with roads and other European means of transport.

The main reason for this success is that the train is, after the ship, the most efficient passenger and goods transport system. The reason is clear: it consumes between 4 and 10 times less energy than the plane or the road for each passenger-km or tonne-km transported. In addition, the driving energy of the train is already decarbonizing.

Since 1970, when the Club of Rome and the Meadows couple said in the "limits to growth" we believed that the combustion gases of certain hydrocarbons were the main cause of the greenhouse effect. Today, global public opinion has internalized that climate change threatens human life on earth. It is also possible that Armand read it from Fourier, Tyndall or Arrenius who discovered it earlier.

However, transport by road, ship and plane produces 38% of the gases, while the train produces 1% which will be zero when the electricity is clean. Start now, the electrification of cars, trucks and airplanes as far as possible. And in parallel, also as far as possible, the transition of all transport towards train and ship, which consume less energy per tonne-km transported.

We don't have the crystal ball to know what will happen. But today it seems clear that synthetic fuels will be expensive and scarce. Therefore, they will be reserved for vehicles with no alternative. It also seems that hydrogen will be suitable for use in high temperature combustions. And it also seems that clean renewable energies have a future.

For all this, the European Union has published between 1992 and 2016, four Packages of Railway Directives that represent a revolution in European transport. They have been discussed in Europe but ignored in Spain. Now they are being activated, something that takes the Iberian railway on a counter foot. This essay analyzes what is happening and gives ideas for integrating the railway in Europe.

These ideas are an extension of the work that the author, together with the Road Engineer Carles Viader Soler, carried out in 2020 with the title "Ideas for the rail transition in Catalonia" which was awarded the 2022 Miquel Biada Prize to the best work on infrastructures in the 2021-2022 biennium instituted by the Catalan Society of Economics and supported by the Institute of Catalan Studies.

The transport transition that Catalonia must make will be complex, as geographically it will be the main hub between the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. But in addition, sector-wise it must coordinate with the road, navigation and aviation. All of this requires a global vision that is largely already initiated in the aforementioned work.


Resum

Louis Armand, a 1962, va dir que el ferrocarril era un invent del Segle XIX, que tenia de fer esforços per sobreviure durant el Segle XX i què esdevindria essencial al Segle XXI. Efectivament avui la interoperabilitat del ferrocarril ja és el principal eslavó de la intermodalitat amb les carreteres i altres medis de transport europeus.

La principal raó d’aquest èxit, és deu a que el tren és desprès del vaixell, el sistema de transport de viatgers i mercaderies més eficient.. La raó es clara: consumeix entre 4 i 10 vegades menys energia que l’avió o la carretera per cada viatger-km o tona-km transportada. A més, la energia impulsora del tren ja s’està descarbonitzant.

Des de 1970, quan El Club de Roma i el matrimoni Meadows van dir en els “límits del creixement” ens vàrem creure que els gasos de combustió de certs hidrocarburs eren la principal causa del efecte hivernacle. Avui, la opinió publica mundial ho ha interioritzat que el canvi climàtic amenaça la vida humana a la terra. També és possible que Armand ho llegís de Fourier, Tyndall o Arrenius que ho descobriren abans.

Sigui com sigui, el transport per carretera, vaixell i avió, produeix el 38% dels gasos, mentre que el tren en produeix el 1 % que serà zero quan la electricitat sigui neta. Comença dons, la electrificació fins on es pugui de autos, camions i avions. I en paral·lel, també fins on el pugui, la transició de tots els transports cap al tren i el vaixell, que son els que consumeixen menys energia per tona-km transportat.

No tenim la bola de vidre per saber el que passarà. Però avui sembla clar que els combustibles sintètics, seran cars i escassos. Per tant es reservaran pels vehicles sense alternativa. També sembla que l’hidrogen serà adient per servir a las combustions d’alta temperatura. I també sembla que les energies renovable netes tenen futur.

Per tot això, la Unió Europea ha publicat entre 1992 i 2016, quatre Paquets de Directives Ferroviàries que representen una revolució del transport europeu. Han estat discutides a Europa però ignorades a Espanya. Ara s’estan activant cosa que agafa al ferrocarril ibèric a contrapeu. Aquest assaig analitza el que està passant i dona les idees per integrar el ferrocarril a Europa.

Aquestes idees son una extensió del treball que l’autor, conjuntament amb l’Enginyer de Camins Carles Viader Soler, va realitzar a 2020 amb el títol “Idees per la transició ferroviària a Catalunya” que va ser guardonat amb el Premi Miquel Biada de 2022 al millor treball sobre infraestructures en el bienni 2021-2022 instituït per la Societat Catalana d’Economia i emparat pel Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

La transició del transport que necessàriament ha de fer Catalunya, serà complexa ja que geogràficament serà la principal ròtula entre la Península Iberica i Europa. Però a més, sectorialment ha de coordinar-se amb la carretera, la navegació i l’aviació. Tot això obliga a una visió global que en bona part ja està iniciada al treball esmentat.


Acknowledgments

Reward Miquel Biada 2022, Institut d'Estudis Catalans

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Published on 01/06/24
Submitted on 07/05/24

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