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==1 Title, abstract and keywords<!-- Your document should start with a concise and informative title. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Capitalize the first word of the title.
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==Abstract ==
  
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The configuration of current civilization would not be conceivable without abundant and cheap transport: the dominant trends of recent decades such as the globalization of the economy, the segmentation of productive processes in distant places, the metabolism of large cities fueled by distant resources or mass tourism, would not have been possible.
  
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An abstract is required for every document; it should succinctly summarize the reason for the work, the main findings, and the conclusions of the study. Abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, references and hyperlinks should be avoided. If references are essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. -->==
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During the first two decades of the 21st century, world passenger transport has grown like population (26.5%), but world freight transport has more than doubled (115% increase) to reach 53 tkm/ hab/day (tons x km per inhabitant and day). The characteristics of oil and its derivatives (gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil), with high energy densities (around 10 kWh/kg and around 8 kWh/litre), rapid recharge and artificially low costs by not including outsourcing, have led to a close correlation with transport and its growth: today 95% of transport (land, sea, air) is powered by petroleum products and 75% of oil is used for transport.
  
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Electricity, the main renewable energy vector in the transport of the future, represents a substantial improvement in the performance of the driving elements but requires important power systems (storage in batteries, hydrogen and fuel cell, electrified catenary) that will be necessary implement to reconvert the centralized system of obtaining and distributing fossil fuels to mostly distributed systems of electric energy and hydrogen. It is necessary to rule out the obtaining of biofuels from crops, in collision with food and of very low yields, and limit them only to small amounts obtained from waste.
  
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The transition in transport, based on renewable energy vectors and in the framework of sustainable development, will bring important changes and limitations with respect to some of the characteristics and uses we are used to today with oil, but also advantages and new possibilities. The purpose of this communication is to analyse these issues and explore the incidence of renewable transport in the current dominant trends and in the sustainable development of the future
  
  
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==2 The main text<!-- You can enter and format the text of this document by selecting the ‘Edit’ option in the menu at the top of this frame or next to the title of every section of the document. This will give access to the visual editor. Alternatively, you can edit the source of this document (Wiki markup format) by selecting the ‘Edit source’ option.
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==Resum==
  
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Most of the documents in Scipedia are written in English (write your manuscript in American or British English, but not a mixture of these). Anyhow, specific publications in other languages can be published in Scipedia. In any case, the documents published in other languages must have an abstract written in English.
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La configuració de la civilització actual no seria concebible sense disposar d’un transport abundant i barat: les tendències dominants de les darreres dècades com la globalització de l’economia, la segmentació de processos productius en indrets distants, el metabolisme de les grans ciutats alimentat amb recursos llunyans o el turisme massiu, no haurien estat possibles.
  
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Durant les dues primeres dècades del segle XXI, el transport mundial de passatgers ha crescut com la població (26,5%), però el transport mundial de mercaderies ha més que duplicat (augment de 115%) fins arribar a 53 tkm/hab/dia (tones x km per habitant i dia). Les característiques del petroli i els seus derivats (gasolina, gasoil, querosè i fueloil), de densitats energètiques elevades (uns 10 kWh/kg i uns 8 kWh/litre), recàrrega ràpida i costos artificialment baixos en no incloure les externalitzacions, han conduït a una correlació estreta amb el transport i el seu creixement: avui dia el 95% del transport (terrestre, marítim, aeri) s’alimenta amb derivats del petroli i el 75% del petroli es destina al transport.
  
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L’electricitat, el principal vector energètic renovable en el transport del futur, suposa una substancial millora en el rendiment dels elements motrius però requereix importants sistemes d’alimentació (emmagatzematge en bateries, hidrogen i pila de combustible, catenària electrificada) que caldrà implementar per reconvertir el sistema centralitzat d’obtenció i distribució dels combustibles fòssils a sistemes majoritàriament distribuïts d’energia elèctrica i d’hidrogen. Cal descartar l’obtenció de biocarburants de cultius, en col·lisió amb els aliments i de rendiments molt baixos, i limitar-los tan sols a petites quantitats obtingudes de residus.
  
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Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1, 1.2, etc. and then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ... Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Capitalize the first word of the headings.
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La transició en el transport, en base a vectors energètics renovables i en el marc del desenvolupament sostenible, comportarà canvis i limitacions importants respecte a algunes de les característiques i usos a què estem acostumats avui amb el petroli, però també avantatges i noves possibilitats. La present comunicació té per objecte analitzar aquestes qüestions i explorar la incidència transport renovable en les tendències dominants actuals i en el desenvolupament sostenible del futur.
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IEA (2024), Energy Balances (consulta, 2024). https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TESbySource
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Revision as of 08:45, 30 April 2024

Abstract

The configuration of current civilization would not be conceivable without abundant and cheap transport: the dominant trends of recent decades such as the globalization of the economy, the segmentation of productive processes in distant places, the metabolism of large cities fueled by distant resources or mass tourism, would not have been possible.

During the first two decades of the 21st century, world passenger transport has grown like population (26.5%), but world freight transport has more than doubled (115% increase) to reach 53 tkm/ hab/day (tons x km per inhabitant and day). The characteristics of oil and its derivatives (gasoline, diesel, kerosene and fuel oil), with high energy densities (around 10 kWh/kg and around 8 kWh/litre), rapid recharge and artificially low costs by not including outsourcing, have led to a close correlation with transport and its growth: today 95% of transport (land, sea, air) is powered by petroleum products and 75% of oil is used for transport.

Electricity, the main renewable energy vector in the transport of the future, represents a substantial improvement in the performance of the driving elements but requires important power systems (storage in batteries, hydrogen and fuel cell, electrified catenary) that will be necessary implement to reconvert the centralized system of obtaining and distributing fossil fuels to mostly distributed systems of electric energy and hydrogen. It is necessary to rule out the obtaining of biofuels from crops, in collision with food and of very low yields, and limit them only to small amounts obtained from waste.

The transition in transport, based on renewable energy vectors and in the framework of sustainable development, will bring important changes and limitations with respect to some of the characteristics and uses we are used to today with oil, but also advantages and new possibilities. The purpose of this communication is to analyse these issues and explore the incidence of renewable transport in the current dominant trends and in the sustainable development of the future


Resum

La configuració de la civilització actual no seria concebible sense disposar d’un transport abundant i barat: les tendències dominants de les darreres dècades com la globalització de l’economia, la segmentació de processos productius en indrets distants, el metabolisme de les grans ciutats alimentat amb recursos llunyans o el turisme massiu, no haurien estat possibles.

Durant les dues primeres dècades del segle XXI, el transport mundial de passatgers ha crescut com la població (26,5%), però el transport mundial de mercaderies ha més que duplicat (augment de 115%) fins arribar a 53 tkm/hab/dia (tones x km per habitant i dia). Les característiques del petroli i els seus derivats (gasolina, gasoil, querosè i fueloil), de densitats energètiques elevades (uns 10 kWh/kg i uns 8 kWh/litre), recàrrega ràpida i costos artificialment baixos en no incloure les externalitzacions, han conduït a una correlació estreta amb el transport i el seu creixement: avui dia el 95% del transport (terrestre, marítim, aeri) s’alimenta amb derivats del petroli i el 75% del petroli es destina al transport.

L’electricitat, el principal vector energètic renovable en el transport del futur, suposa una substancial millora en el rendiment dels elements motrius però requereix importants sistemes d’alimentació (emmagatzematge en bateries, hidrogen i pila de combustible, catenària electrificada) que caldrà implementar per reconvertir el sistema centralitzat d’obtenció i distribució dels combustibles fòssils a sistemes majoritàriament distribuïts d’energia elèctrica i d’hidrogen. Cal descartar l’obtenció de biocarburants de cultius, en col·lisió amb els aliments i de rendiments molt baixos, i limitar-los tan sols a petites quantitats obtingudes de residus.

La transició en el transport, en base a vectors energètics renovables i en el marc del desenvolupament sostenible, comportarà canvis i limitacions importants respecte a algunes de les característiques i usos a què estem acostumats avui amb el petroli, però també avantatges i noves possibilitats. La present comunicació té per objecte analitzar aquestes qüestions i explorar la incidència transport renovable en les tendències dominants actuals i en el desenvolupament sostenible del futur.

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