Latest revision as of 10:05, 3 October 2023

Abstract

Due to the large carbon footprint of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and the rapid corrosion of steel rebars in certain environments, the search for greener, sustainable and more durable reinforced concrete structures is ongoing. In this study, the alkali resistance of basalt- and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) concrete made with seawater and sea sand is investigated for the first time. Production of SAC involves lower energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission compared to OPC while SAC concrete provides a lower pH environment, which favors the durability of FRP bars. Following ASTM D 7705-D7705M-12 Procedure A, the bars were immersed for three months in simulated pore solution of concrete made with SAC, river sand and fresh water, termed Solution A, and compared their durability to that of companion bars immersed in simulated pore solution of concrete made with SAC, seawater, and sea sand, termed Solution B. Both solutions had the same pH, and their temperature was maintained at 60℃ for the duration of the test. The post-immersion or retained tensile strength of GFRP bars in Solution A and B was 83.0% and 73.6%, respectively, while the corresponding values for the BFRP bars were 52.5% and 67.9%, respectively. It appears that due to the presence of sea salt, Solution B is less damaging to BFRP than Solution A while the opposite is true in the case of GFRP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results are utilized to explain the damage mechanisms. Based on image analysis, it is shown that the deteriorated zone within the bar cross-section is not a uniform ring, but its cross-sectional area correlates with the reduction in tensile strength.

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