m (Scipediacontent moved page Draft Content 852058490 to Harismendy et al 2018b)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
== Abstract ==
 
  
−
One of the advantages of resin transfer moulding (RTM) is the ability to manufacture in one single step (one-shot) integrated structures having complex geometries resulting in a lower number of parts and reduced assembly costs. However, the design and optimization of the process and the associated tooling can be particularly challenging.
 
−
This paper presents the approach for the production of a stiffened aircraft door structure using a single shot RTM process In this case, the simulation of the process is a necessary step to accelerate and reduce the cost of the development phase, providing rapid solutions for testing the preliminary design options, as well as refined analysis for process and mould optimization, and final design checking.
 
−
The processing development has consisted of a complete material characterization and modelling followed by mould filling and curing simulations with PAM-RTM software. The results have been used to optimize the design of the mould and the RTM manufacturing process parameters. The paper also presents the results of the manufacturing of prototype components that validated the design obtained by the analysis.
 
  
−
== Full document ==
+
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
−
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_852058490native-articles-151.pdf</pdf>
+
I. Harismendy<sup>a</sup>, J. Gayoso<sup>a</sup>, R. Mezzacasa<sup>a</sup>, J. Manzanares<sup>b</sup>, G.Gorostiaga<sup>b</sup>, M. Zufiaur<sup>c</sup>, A. Muelas<sup>c</sup></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>a</sup>Aerospace Unit, Industry and Transport Division, Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Mikeltegi 2,  San Sebastian, 2009, Spain</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>b</sup>Analisis Y Simulación S.L, Leonardo da Vinci 14 (P.T.A.), Miñano, 01510, Spain</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"><sup>c</sup>Fibertecnic S.A (Grupo AERNNOVA)., Vitoria, 01013, Spain</span></div>
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 88%;border-collapse: collapse;"
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='4'  style="vertical-align: top;"|<big>Diseño del proceso de RTM de una estructura de puerta de avión altamente integrada mediante técnicas de simulación numérica</big>
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image1.png|54px]] </span>
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="vertical-align: top;"|
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Historia del artículo:</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Recibido 5 de Mayo 2017</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">En la versión revisada 5 de Mayo 2017</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Aceptado 31 de Mayo 2017</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Accesible online 21 de Junio 2017</span>
 +
|  rowspan='4' colspan='2'  style="vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Una de las principales ventajas del proceso de moldeo por transferencia de resina (RTM) es que ofrece la posibilidad de fabricar estructuras altamente integradas y de geometría compleja en un solo paso (single-step) reduciendo el número de componentes y los tiempos y costes de montaje. Sin embargo, el diseño y puesta a punto del proceso de fabricación y del utillaje asociado puede ser bastante complejo.</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo del proceso de fabricación mediante single-step RTM de una estructura de puerta de avión altamente integrada. En este caso la utilización de herramientas de simulación se hace necesaria para accelerar y reducir la fase de desarrollo del proceso debido a la complejidad de la estructura. </span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Para este desarrollo se han caracterizado y modelizado los materiales de la estructura y se han simulado los procesos de llenado y curado con el software PAM_RTM. De cara a definir y validar el proceso se han fabricado elementos representativos y posteriormente se ha procedido a la fabricación de prototipos a tamaño real de la estructura completa.</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">La simulación ha permitido comparar de una forma rápida las distintas opciones de diseño y también realizar un análisis más profundo para la optimización del proceso y utillaje o el chequeo del diseño final.</span>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Palabras clave:</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Composites</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">RTM</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Simulación</span>
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='4'  style="vertical-align: top;"|<big>Simulation based design of single-shot RTM process for an integrated aircraft door structure</big>
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image2.png|54px]] </span>
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="vertical-align: top;"|
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Keywords:</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Composites</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">RTM</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">Simulation</span>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
|  rowspan='2' colspan='2'  style="vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">One of the advantages of resin transfer moulding (RTM) is the ability to manufacture in one single step (one-shot) integrated structures having complex geometries resulting in a lower number of parts and reduced assembly costs. However, the design and optimization of the process and the associated tooling can be particularly challenging. </span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">This paper presents the approach for the production of a stiffened aircraft door structure using a single shot RTM process In this case, the simulation of the process is a necessary step to accelerate and reduce the cost of the development phase, providing rapid solutions for testing the preliminary design options, as well as refined analysis for process and mould optimization, and final design checking.</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">The processing development has consisted of a complete material characterization and modelling followed by mould filling and curing simulations with PAM-RTM software. The results have been used to optimize the design of the mould and the RTM manufacturing process parameters. The paper also presents the results of the manufacturing of prototype components that validated the design obtained by the analysis.</span>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
|-
 +
|  colspan='2'  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;vertical-align: top;"|
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==1 Introduction ==
 +
 
 +
Resin transfer moulding (RTM) is a process well suited to meet the growing demand in the aerospace industry to produce high performance parts at a reduced cost [1-3]. This paper presents the work performed to define the processing parameters and mould for a single-shot RTM manufacturing of a highly integrated aeronautic structure based on material characterization, modelling and injection and curing simulation.
 +
 
 +
In the study the reinforcements and the resin are characterized experimentally to obtain the permeability, viscosity and curing models needed for simulating the injection and curing processes. Therefore prototype components are simulated and manufactured to compare different injection strategies and identify critical parameters as well as to validate the simulation methodology. Finally the RTM process of the complete structure is simulated and the manufacturing process is defined with proper injection parameters and injection and vent locations resulting in a successful prototype manufacturing. .
 +
 
 +
This study on the design of a single-shot RTM process is part of a collaborative project (ATEAERO) between Aernnova Group, Análisis y Simulación, Mecanoplástica, CTA and Tecnalia. The general goal of ATEAERO project is to reduce the complexity and cost of composite aerostructures.
 +
 
 +
The component selected is a 1775x800 mm aircraft door structure with a monolithic skin and double T and C stiffeners. The part is to be moulded in a one-shot RTM process with all the stiffeners integrated.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image5.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure ''' ATEAERO project’s aircraft door structure</span></div>
 +
 
 +
By taking an integrated approach to RTM, it has been possible to manufacture in one single step (one-shot) a highly integrated structure resulting in a lower number of parts and reduced material and manufacturing costs. In this case, injection and curing simulations play an important role in defining a robust manufacturing process and thus have a direct incidence on the development time, mould cost and part performance.
 +
 
 +
==2 Materials characterization and modelling==
 +
 
 +
The studied resin system is an RTM aerospace grade epoxy. The reinforcements used are an unidirectional (UD) and a 0/90 carbon fabric, both with epoxy based powder binder applied.
 +
 
 +
==='''2.1''' Rheo-kinetics ===
 +
 
 +
In order to perform the rheo-kinetic modelling, DSC and viscosity tests have been carried out. For this purpose, both isothermal and dynamic calorimetric tests were performed in a TA QA100 DSC. For viscosity, isothermal oscillatory tests at a frequency of 1 Hz were performed in a parallel plate rheometer, model RheoStress 6000 from Haake.
 +
 
 +
DSC results are fitted to a modified Kamal-Sourour model in order to take into account diffusion effects [4].
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">\frac{d\alpha }{dt}=({k}_{1}{e}^{\frac{{-E}_{1}}{RT}}+{k}_{2}{e}^{\frac{{-E}_{2}}{RT}}{\alpha }^{m}){\left( 1-\alpha \right) }^{n}F(\alpha )</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (1)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Where &#x03b1; is the degree of cure, t the time, T the process temperature, k<sub>1</sub>, k<sub>2</sub>, E<sub>1</sub>, E<sub>2</sub>, m and n are adjustable parameters and F(&#x03b1;) is the diffusion function.
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">F(\alpha )=\frac{1}{1+{e}^{{E}_{c}(\alpha -{\alpha }_{c}})}</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Where E<sub>c</sub> and &#x03b1;<sub>c</sub> are temperature dependent variables
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">{\alpha }_{c}={\alpha }_{c1}+{\alpha }_{c2}T</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">{E}_{c}={E}_{c1}+{E}_{c2}T</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Figure 2 shows the comparison between the experimental results and the model for both isothermal and dynamic conditions.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image6-c.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure ''' Experimental degree of cure vs model predictions</span></div>
 +
 
 +
Viscosity (&#x03bc;) is expressed as a function of degree of cure and temperature with a variation of Castro-Macosko equation [5].
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">\mu ={\mu }_{0}{e}^{\frac{E}{RT}}\frac{1}{(1-\alpha )}{e}^{p1+p2\alpha }</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (5)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Where &#x03b1; is the degree of cure, T the process temperature, and &#x03bc;<sub>0</sub>, E, p<sub>1</sub> and p<sub>2</sub> adjustable parameters.
 +
 
 +
Figure 3 shows the comparison between the experimental viscosity data and the master curve &#x03bc;/&#x03bc;<sub>0.</sub>
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image7-c.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure  '''Experimental viscosity vs model predictions</span></div>
 +
 
 +
==='''2.2''' Permeability===
 +
 
 +
The fabrics in-plane permeability has been characterized experimentally in three fiber orientations (0º, 45º and 90º) to establish the permeability tensor with the rectilinear (1D) method [6]. The tests are carried out at the RTM process temperature. Fabrics preforms a
 +
 
 +
re prepared following the prototype preforming process parameters in order to take into account the influence of the preforming pressures and temperatures on the binder distribution and resultant fabrics permeability [7].
 +
 
 +
Figure 4 shows the experimental setup used for the permeability characterization. It consists of a heated lower steel plate with integrated temperature pressure and electric sensors distributed along the length. The top of the mould has a transparent glass window in order to be able to track the flow front optically.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image8.png|300px]]
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image9.png|center|264px]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure ''' Permeability setup</span></div>
 +
 
 +
The permeability have been measured at different fiber volume content and the results fitted to an exponential model [8].
 +
 
 +
{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;"
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;"
 +
|-
 +
| <math display="inline">k=a{e}^{bVf}</math>
 +
|}
 +
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (6)
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Where Vf is the fiber volume content and a and b are adjustable parameters .
 +
 
 +
Figure 5 shows as an example the fitfing for the 0/90 fabric.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image10-c.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure ''' Experimental permeability vs exponential model</span></div>
 +
 
 +
The obtained permeability values have been validated with a simulation of the permeability experiments with PAM-RTM. As can be seen in the figure below, there is a good correlation between the experimental and the calculated filling times.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image11-c.jpeg|150px]]
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image12-c.png|center|438px]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure''' Experimental vs PAM-RTM simulation’s filling times</span></div>
 +
 
 +
==3 Simulation strategy definition and validation==
 +
 
 +
Previous to the full component process simulation a representative section was simulated and manufactured to compare the different possible injection strategies and identify critical parameters as well as to validate the simulation methodology.
 +
 
 +
The figure bellow shows the selected structure representative section. The dimensions of the section are 400x400mm and it includes a stiffener crossover and all the different laminates existing in the aircraft door structure (Figure 8).
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image13-c.jpeg|300px]]
 +
| [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image14-c.png|center|300px]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure ''' Aircraft door representative section</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image15.png|534px]] <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''' '''</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure''' Aircraft door structure laminate configuration</span></div>
 +
 
 +
The different process variations (inlets and outlets locations, process boundary conditions) have been simulated with PAM-RTM taken into account the possible sources of variation such edge effects in order to select the most robust injection strategy.
 +
 
 +
{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;"
 +
|-
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image16-c.png|204px]]
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image17.png|210px]]
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image18.png|204px]]
 +
|-
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 1</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 2</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 3</span>
 +
|-
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image19.png|198px]]
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image20-c.png|186px]]
 +
|  style="vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image21-c.png|162px]]
 +
|-
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 4</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 5</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 6</span>
 +
|-
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image22.png|192px]] </span>
 +
 
 +
 
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image23.png|210px]] </span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;width: 0%;"|[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image24-c.png|180px]]
 +
|-
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 7</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 8</span>
 +
|  style="text-align: center;vertical-align: top;"|<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">STRATEGY 9</span>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure''' ''' '''Simulation of the different injection strategies with PAM-RTM</span></div>
 +
 
 +
The results show that it is necessary to inject the resin at the top of the stiffeners to have a complete filling (strategy 4). Also, the injection at the border of both the stringer the skin (strategy 9) could reduce the injection times or pressures.
 +
 
 +
Regarding the injection parameters, the simulation results show that a linear increase of the pressure during the first 3 injection minutes could lead to a velocity profile in the recommended ranges for these fabrics to avoid macro and micro porosities (between 10<sup>-4</sup> y 10<sup>-3</sup> m/s) (Figure 10).
 +
 
 +
Curing is shown to be negligible during injection at 120ºC for the selected resin system at times lower than 1 hour, so viscosity can be considered constant. Regarding the curing cycle, the simulation shows that a heating rate of 2ºC/min + 1 hour at 180ºC (total time of 85 min) is enough to achieve the recommended curing degree even if the temperature of the mould is 10ºC lower than the target temperature.
 +
 
 +
Therefore the representative section was manufactured with the most promising process parameters and injection strategies in order to validate the simulations. Figure 12 shows as an example the results for the injection strategy nº9 and the recommended linear increase of pressure. As can be seen, a complete filling of the part is achieved.
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image25-c.png|516px]] <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''' '''</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Velocity profiles at different pressure conditions</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image26-c.png|600px]] </div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Curing cycle simulaion</span></div>
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image27.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure''' ''' '''Representative section manufactured with  injection strategy nº9</span></div>
 +
 
 +
==4 Aircraft door structure single-shot proces simulation==
 +
 
 +
Once the most promising injection strategies and parameters identified the following step has been to simulate the full aircraft door structure. The following constraints were imposed:
 +
 
 +
:* Injection time lower than 1 hour
 +
 
 +
:* Pressure gradient lower than 4 bars
 +
 
 +
:* Inlets and outlets locations out of the mould inserts areas.
 +
 
 +
Again several injection strategies are simulated with PAM-RTM to finally select the following process parameters:
 +
 
 +
:* Injection points/inlets at the 9 stiffeners crossovers and the skin perimeter
 +
 
 +
:* Outlets at 6 locations
 +
 
 +
:* Sensors with triggers at the outlets locations in order to close the outlets once the resin arrives
 +
 
 +
:* Pressure gradient of 3 bars
 +
 
 +
:* Injection temperature of 120ºC
 +
 
 +
These conditions allow to have:
 +
 
 +
:* An injection time lower than 1 hour (aprox 37 min) with a pressure gradient of 3 bars
 +
 
 +
:* Inlets and outlets locations out of the mould inserts areas.
 +
 
 +
:* An injection strategy with low sensibility of mould assembly and preform variations.
 +
 
 +
The figures below show the filling times profile obtained in the simulation and the pressure profiles at 2 selected sensors.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image28.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Filling simulation of the aircraft door structure</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image29-c.png|600px]] </div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Pressure profile at 2 sensors locations</span></div>
 +
 
 +
==5 Process validation==
 +
 
 +
Finally, the full aircraft door structure was manufactured with the selected process parameters in order to validate the process. Process simulations results were also used to design the RTM mould (inlets and outlets locations and mould temperatures and pressures). The following figure shows the mould and manufacturing process.
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image30-c.jpeg|516px]] </div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Aircraft door prototype manufacturing</span></div>
 +
 
 +
Although the filling times of the prototype were a bit lower than expected the filling was complete. Visual and NDT inspections (Figures 16 and 17) show that a good quality is achieved.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image31-c.png|600px]]
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  Aircraft door  prototype</span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"> [[Image:Harismendy_et_al_2018b-image32-c.png|534px]] </span></div>
 +
 
 +
<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">'''Figure'''  C.scan of the aircraft door prototype</span></div>
 +
 
 +
==6 Conclusions==
 +
 
 +
Injection and curing simulations have been used to optimize the design of the mould and the process parameters of a single-shot RTM process of a highly integrated structure. The simulation has allow to reduce the development phase providing rapid solutions for testing the different process options Results show that the selected process parameters and injection strategy provide a good quality with an optimized process time.
 +
 
 +
==Acknowledgements==
 +
 
 +
Financial support of the Basque Government under contract ''ER 2013/00041 ''(''ATEAERO. Nueva generación de puerta de tren de aterrizaje para futuro avión de pasillo único'') ''of the ''ETORGAI program is gratefully acknowledged.
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">[1] D. Amstrong</span>, <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''SAMPE journal'', '''42''', 3,.54-62  (2006).</span>
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">[2] J. Loan</span>, <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''Composite Worfd'' , (2012).</span>
 +
 
 +
[http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/integrated-optimized-aircraftdoor http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/integrated-optimized-aircraftdoor]
 +
 
 +
<span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">[3] G. Gardiner</span>, <span style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;">''Composite Worfd'' , (2013).</span>
 +
 
 +
[http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/cutting-the-cost-of-integrateddcomposite-aerostructures http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/cutting-the-cost-of-integrateddcomposite-aerostructures]
 +
 
 +
[4 ] N: Rabearison, Ch.Jochum, J.C. Grandidier, ''Journal of Materials Science'' '''46'''(3):787-796 (2011)
 +
 
 +
[5] J. M Castro, C. W. Macosko, S. J. Perry, ''Polymer Commun'', '''25''', 82-95 (1984)
 +
 
 +
[6] P. Ferland,D. Guittard, F. Trochu,, ''Polymer Composites'' '''17''', 1, 149-158 (1996)
 +
 
 +
[7] A. Endruweit, P. McGregor, A. C. Long, M.S. Johnson'', Composites Science and Technology'', '''66''', 1778-1792 (2006)
 +
 
 +
[8] C. Demaria, PhD report (2008)

Revision as of 08:29, 3 May 2022


I. Harismendya, J. Gayosoa, R. Mezzacasaa, J. Manzanaresb, G.Gorostiagab, M. Zufiaurc, A. Muelasc
aAerospace Unit, Industry and Transport Division, Tecnalia Research & Innovation, Mikeltegi 2, San Sebastian, 2009, Spain
bAnalisis Y Simulación S.L, Leonardo da Vinci 14 (P.T.A.), Miñano, 01510, Spain
cFibertecnic S.A (Grupo AERNNOVA)., Vitoria, 01013, Spain
Diseño del proceso de RTM de una estructura de puerta de avión altamente integrada mediante técnicas de simulación numérica
Harismendy et al 2018b-image1.png
Historia del artículo:

Recibido 5 de Mayo 2017

En la versión revisada 5 de Mayo 2017

Aceptado 31 de Mayo 2017

Accesible online 21 de Junio 2017

Una de las principales ventajas del proceso de moldeo por transferencia de resina (RTM) es que ofrece la posibilidad de fabricar estructuras altamente integradas y de geometría compleja en un solo paso (single-step) reduciendo el número de componentes y los tiempos y costes de montaje. Sin embargo, el diseño y puesta a punto del proceso de fabricación y del utillaje asociado puede ser bastante complejo.

En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo del proceso de fabricación mediante single-step RTM de una estructura de puerta de avión altamente integrada. En este caso la utilización de herramientas de simulación se hace necesaria para accelerar y reducir la fase de desarrollo del proceso debido a la complejidad de la estructura.

Para este desarrollo se han caracterizado y modelizado los materiales de la estructura y se han simulado los procesos de llenado y curado con el software PAM_RTM. De cara a definir y validar el proceso se han fabricado elementos representativos y posteriormente se ha procedido a la fabricación de prototipos a tamaño real de la estructura completa.

La simulación ha permitido comparar de una forma rápida las distintas opciones de diseño y también realizar un análisis más profundo para la optimización del proceso y utillaje o el chequeo del diseño final.


Palabras clave:

Composites

RTM

Simulación

Simulation based design of single-shot RTM process for an integrated aircraft door structure
Harismendy et al 2018b-image2.png
Keywords:

Composites

RTM

Simulation


One of the advantages of resin transfer moulding (RTM) is the ability to manufacture in one single step (one-shot) integrated structures having complex geometries resulting in a lower number of parts and reduced assembly costs. However, the design and optimization of the process and the associated tooling can be particularly challenging.

This paper presents the approach for the production of a stiffened aircraft door structure using a single shot RTM process In this case, the simulation of the process is a necessary step to accelerate and reduce the cost of the development phase, providing rapid solutions for testing the preliminary design options, as well as refined analysis for process and mould optimization, and final design checking.

The processing development has consisted of a complete material characterization and modelling followed by mould filling and curing simulations with PAM-RTM software. The results have been used to optimize the design of the mould and the RTM manufacturing process parameters. The paper also presents the results of the manufacturing of prototype components that validated the design obtained by the analysis.



1 Introduction

Resin transfer moulding (RTM) is a process well suited to meet the growing demand in the aerospace industry to produce high performance parts at a reduced cost [1-3]. This paper presents the work performed to define the processing parameters and mould for a single-shot RTM manufacturing of a highly integrated aeronautic structure based on material characterization, modelling and injection and curing simulation.

In the study the reinforcements and the resin are characterized experimentally to obtain the permeability, viscosity and curing models needed for simulating the injection and curing processes. Therefore prototype components are simulated and manufactured to compare different injection strategies and identify critical parameters as well as to validate the simulation methodology. Finally the RTM process of the complete structure is simulated and the manufacturing process is defined with proper injection parameters and injection and vent locations resulting in a successful prototype manufacturing. .

This study on the design of a single-shot RTM process is part of a collaborative project (ATEAERO) between Aernnova Group, Análisis y Simulación, Mecanoplástica, CTA and Tecnalia. The general goal of ATEAERO project is to reduce the complexity and cost of composite aerostructures.

The component selected is a 1775x800 mm aircraft door structure with a monolithic skin and double T and C stiffeners. The part is to be moulded in a one-shot RTM process with all the stiffeners integrated.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image5.png

Figure ATEAERO project’s aircraft door structure

By taking an integrated approach to RTM, it has been possible to manufacture in one single step (one-shot) a highly integrated structure resulting in a lower number of parts and reduced material and manufacturing costs. In this case, injection and curing simulations play an important role in defining a robust manufacturing process and thus have a direct incidence on the development time, mould cost and part performance.

2 Materials characterization and modelling

The studied resin system is an RTM aerospace grade epoxy. The reinforcements used are an unidirectional (UD) and a 0/90 carbon fabric, both with epoxy based powder binder applied.

2.1 Rheo-kinetics

In order to perform the rheo-kinetic modelling, DSC and viscosity tests have been carried out. For this purpose, both isothermal and dynamic calorimetric tests were performed in a TA QA100 DSC. For viscosity, isothermal oscillatory tests at a frequency of 1 Hz were performed in a parallel plate rheometer, model RheoStress 6000 from Haake.

DSC results are fitted to a modified Kamal-Sourour model in order to take into account diffusion effects [4].

(1)


Where α is the degree of cure, t the time, T the process temperature, k1, k2, E1, E2, m and n are adjustable parameters and F(α) is the diffusion function.

(2)


Where Ec and αc are temperature dependent variables

(3)
(4)


Figure 2 shows the comparison between the experimental results and the model for both isothermal and dynamic conditions.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image6-c.png

Figure Experimental degree of cure vs model predictions

Viscosity (μ) is expressed as a function of degree of cure and temperature with a variation of Castro-Macosko equation [5].

(5)


Where α is the degree of cure, T the process temperature, and μ0, E, p1 and p2 adjustable parameters.

Figure 3 shows the comparison between the experimental viscosity data and the master curve μ/μ0.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image7-c.png

Figure Experimental viscosity vs model predictions

2.2 Permeability

The fabrics in-plane permeability has been characterized experimentally in three fiber orientations (0º, 45º and 90º) to establish the permeability tensor with the rectilinear (1D) method [6]. The tests are carried out at the RTM process temperature. Fabrics preforms a

re prepared following the prototype preforming process parameters in order to take into account the influence of the preforming pressures and temperatures on the binder distribution and resultant fabrics permeability [7].

Figure 4 shows the experimental setup used for the permeability characterization. It consists of a heated lower steel plate with integrated temperature pressure and electric sensors distributed along the length. The top of the mould has a transparent glass window in order to be able to track the flow front optically.


Harismendy et al 2018b-image8.png
Harismendy et al 2018b-image9.png


Figure Permeability setup

The permeability have been measured at different fiber volume content and the results fitted to an exponential model [8].

(6)


Where Vf is the fiber volume content and a and b are adjustable parameters .

Figure 5 shows as an example the fitfing for the 0/90 fabric.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image10-c.png

Figure Experimental permeability vs exponential model

The obtained permeability values have been validated with a simulation of the permeability experiments with PAM-RTM. As can be seen in the figure below, there is a good correlation between the experimental and the calculated filling times.


Harismendy et al 2018b-image11-c.jpeg
Harismendy et al 2018b-image12-c.png


Figure Experimental vs PAM-RTM simulation’s filling times

3 Simulation strategy definition and validation

Previous to the full component process simulation a representative section was simulated and manufactured to compare the different possible injection strategies and identify critical parameters as well as to validate the simulation methodology.

The figure bellow shows the selected structure representative section. The dimensions of the section are 400x400mm and it includes a stiffener crossover and all the different laminates existing in the aircraft door structure (Figure 8).


Harismendy et al 2018b-image13-c.jpeg
Harismendy et al 2018b-image14-c.png


Figure Aircraft door representative section
Harismendy et al 2018b-image15.png
Figure Aircraft door structure laminate configuration

The different process variations (inlets and outlets locations, process boundary conditions) have been simulated with PAM-RTM taken into account the possible sources of variation such edge effects in order to select the most robust injection strategy.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image16-c.png Harismendy et al 2018b-image17.png Harismendy et al 2018b-image18.png
STRATEGY 1 STRATEGY 2 STRATEGY 3
Harismendy et al 2018b-image19.png Harismendy et al 2018b-image20-c.png Harismendy et al 2018b-image21-c.png
STRATEGY 4 STRATEGY 5 STRATEGY 6
Harismendy et al 2018b-image22.png


Harismendy et al 2018b-image23.png Harismendy et al 2018b-image24-c.png
STRATEGY 7 STRATEGY 8 STRATEGY 9


Figure Simulation of the different injection strategies with PAM-RTM

The results show that it is necessary to inject the resin at the top of the stiffeners to have a complete filling (strategy 4). Also, the injection at the border of both the stringer the skin (strategy 9) could reduce the injection times or pressures.

Regarding the injection parameters, the simulation results show that a linear increase of the pressure during the first 3 injection minutes could lead to a velocity profile in the recommended ranges for these fabrics to avoid macro and micro porosities (between 10-4 y 10-3 m/s) (Figure 10).

Curing is shown to be negligible during injection at 120ºC for the selected resin system at times lower than 1 hour, so viscosity can be considered constant. Regarding the curing cycle, the simulation shows that a heating rate of 2ºC/min + 1 hour at 180ºC (total time of 85 min) is enough to achieve the recommended curing degree even if the temperature of the mould is 10ºC lower than the target temperature.

Therefore the representative section was manufactured with the most promising process parameters and injection strategies in order to validate the simulations. Figure 12 shows as an example the results for the injection strategy nº9 and the recommended linear increase of pressure. As can be seen, a complete filling of the part is achieved.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image25-c.png
Figure Velocity profiles at different pressure conditions
Harismendy et al 2018b-image26-c.png
Figure Curing cycle simulaion

Harismendy et al 2018b-image27.png

Figure Representative section manufactured with injection strategy nº9

4 Aircraft door structure single-shot proces simulation

Once the most promising injection strategies and parameters identified the following step has been to simulate the full aircraft door structure. The following constraints were imposed:

  • Injection time lower than 1 hour
  • Pressure gradient lower than 4 bars
  • Inlets and outlets locations out of the mould inserts areas.

Again several injection strategies are simulated with PAM-RTM to finally select the following process parameters:

  • Injection points/inlets at the 9 stiffeners crossovers and the skin perimeter
  • Outlets at 6 locations
  • Sensors with triggers at the outlets locations in order to close the outlets once the resin arrives
  • Pressure gradient of 3 bars
  • Injection temperature of 120ºC

These conditions allow to have:

  • An injection time lower than 1 hour (aprox 37 min) with a pressure gradient of 3 bars
  • Inlets and outlets locations out of the mould inserts areas.
  • An injection strategy with low sensibility of mould assembly and preform variations.

The figures below show the filling times profile obtained in the simulation and the pressure profiles at 2 selected sensors.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image28.png

Figure Filling simulation of the aircraft door structure
Harismendy et al 2018b-image29-c.png
Figure Pressure profile at 2 sensors locations

5 Process validation

Finally, the full aircraft door structure was manufactured with the selected process parameters in order to validate the process. Process simulations results were also used to design the RTM mould (inlets and outlets locations and mould temperatures and pressures). The following figure shows the mould and manufacturing process.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image30-c.jpeg
Figure Aircraft door prototype manufacturing

Although the filling times of the prototype were a bit lower than expected the filling was complete. Visual and NDT inspections (Figures 16 and 17) show that a good quality is achieved.

Harismendy et al 2018b-image31-c.png

Figure Aircraft door prototype
Harismendy et al 2018b-image32-c.png
Figure C.scan of the aircraft door prototype

6 Conclusions

Injection and curing simulations have been used to optimize the design of the mould and the process parameters of a single-shot RTM process of a highly integrated structure. The simulation has allow to reduce the development phase providing rapid solutions for testing the different process options Results show that the selected process parameters and injection strategy provide a good quality with an optimized process time.

Acknowledgements

Financial support of the Basque Government under contract ER 2013/00041 (ATEAERO. Nueva generación de puerta de tren de aterrizaje para futuro avión de pasillo único) of the ETORGAI program is gratefully acknowledged.

References

[1] D. Amstrong, SAMPE journal, 42, 3,.54-62 (2006).

[2] J. Loan, Composite Worfd , (2012).

http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/integrated-optimized-aircraftdoor

[3] G. Gardiner, Composite Worfd , (2013).

http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/cutting-the-cost-of-integrateddcomposite-aerostructures

[4 ] N: Rabearison, Ch.Jochum, J.C. Grandidier, Journal of Materials Science 46(3):787-796 (2011)

[5] J. M Castro, C. W. Macosko, S. J. Perry, Polymer Commun, 25, 82-95 (1984)

[6] P. Ferland,D. Guittard, F. Trochu,, Polymer Composites 17, 1, 149-158 (1996)

[7] A. Endruweit, P. McGregor, A. C. Long, M.S. Johnson, Composites Science and Technology, 66, 1778-1792 (2006)

[8] C. Demaria, PhD report (2008)

Back to Top
GET PDF

Document information

Published on 15/07/18
Accepted on 15/07/18
Submitted on 15/07/18

Volume 02 - Comunicaciones Matcomp17 (2018), Issue Núm. 3 - Reciclaje y Sostenibilidad y Procesos de Fabricación I, 2018
DOI: 10.23967/r.matcomp.2018.07.015
Licence: Other

Document Score

0

Views 1
Recommendations 0

Share this document

Keywords

• •

claim authorship

Are you one of the authors of this document?

I am an author