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Desarrollo de resinas termoestables a partir de residuos de Polietilentereftalato (PET)
Historia del artículo: Recibido 5 de Mayo 2017 En la versión revisada 5 de Mayo 2017 Aceptado 31 de Mayo 2017 Accesible online 21 de Junio 2017	Debido a las necesidades y exigencias de los consumidores, en muchas ocasiones, se introducen en el mercado envases que no tienen una buena reciclabilidad. El polietilentereftalato (PET) es un material muy reciclable y que proporciona un material reciclado de alta calidad; no obstante, se están introduciendo en el mercado envases multicapa de PET y coloreados que producen problemas de reciclabilidad, lo que supone una importante pérdida ambiental (principalmente emisiones de CO2) y económica. En este artículo se detalla parte del trabajo realizado para el desarrollo industrial de resinas termoestables (alquídicas y poliéster insaturado) a partir de materias primas procedentes del reciclado químico de residuos multicapa y coloreados procedentes del PET. Como resultado se han obtenido productos a un precio competitivo y con un bajo impacto ambiental. Los resultados alcanzados se detallan a continuación: * Implementación de una tecnología de acondicionamiento y reciclado químico de los residuos de PET procedentes de envases multicapa y coloreados. * Empleo del nuevo reciclado y de las tecnologías de acondicionamiento y glicólisis para la obtención de las materias primas que son la base para la síntesis de las nuevas resinas. * Desarrollo de resinas alquídicas y de poliéster insaturado a partir de residuos de PET no valorizados (envases multicapa o coloreados), * Obtención de valores similares a los de las resinas de poliéster insaturado convencionales para las resinas de poliéster insaturado obtenidas a partir de residuos de PET
Palabras clave: Polietilentereftalato (PET) Resinas de poliéster insaturado Reciclabilidad Envases multicapa y coloreados Glicólisis
Development of New Thermosetting Resins from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Wastes
Keywords: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Unsaturated polyester resin Recyclability Multilayered and coloured packaging Glycolisis	In an attempt to cover the needs and requirements of consumers, packaging without good recyclability is sometimes introduced in the market. This is more evident in the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET is a highly recyclable material that results in a recycled product with enhanced quality. However, there are other type of PET multilayered packaging that are being introduced in the market. These packaging products include additional materials such as other type of polymers, metals, paper, etc., as well as different type of pigments, colouring agents and impurities confering a critical colour to the packaging. When this new packaging arrives to the recycler it generates problems, resulting in low quality products or even rejected, being deposited in landfill. This implies an important environmental reduction (mainly in the CO2 emissions) and in the economic affairs. For this reason, the recycling companies and, in general, waste management companies, are interested in alternatives that allow these residues to have a viable outlet. This development is presented as a solution to the problem of these particular PET multilayered residues. The main objective is the industrial development of thermosetting resins (alkyds and unsaturated polyesters) that include in their composition materials obtained from the chemical recycling of these multilayered packaging, at an affordable price and with reduced environmental impact.

1 Introduction

Polyethylene terephtalate (PET) is a highly recycable material which is mainly used in packaging sector and, due to current legislation [1], a whole logistic has been developed and implemented in order to allow and facilitate the recycling of PET wastes.

PET is a potential recyclable material that can provide a high quality recycled material. Current recycling of PET is mainly focused on monolayer bottles of PET with a white-blue color. This material has excellent prospect in packaging sector (bottles and films) [2] as recycled material after different operations as separation, classification and cleaning. Other applications with less added value are carpets, concrete, elements for isolation and automotive parts for filtering and drainage, in bitumen mixtures and concrete, and roads stabilization (levelled).

However, packaging development to fulfil consumers’ needs promote in some occasions the introduction of market products with poor recyclability, for this it is increasingly common the presence of PET waste which come from multilayer packaging and with different colors (figure 1).

When discussing a multilayer PET packaging, it is referring to a packaging mainly made by PET, but it presents other materials like PA, EVOH or PE, what initially provided improved properties to the packaging, for example, a barrier effect that provide a better food conservation, but implies a handicap to the recyclability.

When PET bale arrive to recycling installation has time-by-time more quantity of these wastes. These new waste materials produce problems when they arrive to recycler, resulting in low quality products or even rejected products, which are delivered to landfill. This implies an important environmental loss (mainly loss of resources and production of CO₂ emissions) and economic loss. For this reason, recycling and waste manager companies are interesting in looking for alternatives that allow obtaining a viable solution for this kind of wastes.

Nowadays, in Europe 700.000 Tons of PET trays with these characteristics are consumed every year (Source: Plastics Recyclers Europe).

In the PET material recycling, three main recycling types can be identified: Biologic or organic recycling, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling.

• Biologic recycling is not applied in PET waste, because this is not a biodegradable material.

• Mechanical recycling of PET is the most common, and this implies separation, grounding, cleaning/drying and homogenization in order to obtain a recycled material, mainly as flakes to be used in different applications. The mixture of materials with different nature with recycled PET has also been studied and a substantial decrease in the final material quality has been detected.

• Chemical recycling or depolymerization of PET consists in a glycolysis of polyester (breaking chemical bonds in the carbon chain of PET) by the use of different reactive with an excess of water (hydrolysis), alcohols (alcoholysis), glycols (glycolysis), amines (aminolysis) and ammonium (ammoniolysis) [3-4]. As a result, different substances and/or products with added value for the chemical industry can be obtained.

Glycolisis, a type of alcoholysis, is the most suitable for the development of unsaturated polyester, vinylester, epoxy, alkyl resin and polyurethanes. This reaction consists in the breaking of ester bonds by glycols, producing olygomers or olygoesters diol/polyol with terminal hydroxyl groups. The olygoesters coming from PET glycolysis are “renewable” chemical reactives for the production of resins previously mentioned.

Substances and products obtained are recycled materials, from the environmental point of view (contributing to sustainable development and providing eco-innovated products), although from technical point of view they have same properties than initial materials, in contrast to traditional mechanical recycling in which a decreasing in properties could be observed in different degrees.

These factors have recently promoted the growing interest in the options to use PET wastes for the production of products as unsaturated polyester resins, alkyl resin, polyurethane foams and polymer concrete. In this context, RESIPET project “Development of New Thermosetting Resins from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Waste” is being developed by BARPIMO Company and AIMPLAS- Plastics Technology Centre.

2 Development

2.1 Introduction

The main goal of RESIPET Project is the industrial development of thermoset resins (alkyl resins and unsaturated polyester), through raw materials coming from chemical recycling of multilayer or color wastes from Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) at a competitive cost and low environmental impact.

Project benefits and the developed products are relevant as follows:

• Reduction of environmental impact of alkyl and unsaturated polyester resins (less carbon footprint).

• Replace this kind of waste PET removal with material recycling (chemical recycling), following waste hierarchy and obtaining an environmental improvement.

• Competitive cost of new developed resin (lower than conventional thermoset resins).

• Use of separable layers of multilayer packaging. Recycling of polypropylene or polyethylene from this packaging.

The project structure is divided in four steps as it is detailed as figure 2: i) selection and characterization of PET wastes, ii) preparation of PET waste, iii) chemical reaction, iv) resin production

2.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste selection and preparation

Search and selection of PET waste was carried out taking into account the following characteristics:

• They are currently not recycled (they can be a problem for PET recyclers).

• Good accessibility, according to: a critical volume, homogeneous, competitive price

Taking these premises into account, the following waste has been evaluated from different sources:

• Fresh pizza packaging waste

• Frozen pizza packaging waste

• Slurry packaging waste

1) b)

2.3 Chemical recycling and resin production

PET wastes selected and conditioned have been subjected to the chemical recycling process according to scheme detailed in figure 4, obtaining a new poliol (OligoPET). These will be the starting recycled reagents for the synthesis of alkyd resins and enamels, as well as for the production of unsaturated polyester resins.

The virgin and recycled unsaturated polyester obtained by glycolysis have been characterized by different tests: viscosity, gel time, Persoz hardness, density, non-volatile content, acid number …

3 Results

Results of the project are detailed as follows:

• A new poliol (OligoPET), from chemical recycling of PET waste

• Unsaturated polyester resin formulated by the replacement of some of polyacids and polyols by the new OligoPET.

• Alkyl resin has been formulated with the same principle.

• The results of the characterization carried out show similar results to the unsaturated polyester resin from the PET wastes and to a standard resin:

Figure 5 shows an approach of the project and its involvements and results in terms of products and economic viability of the process.

4 Conclusions

As conclusions, it can be established that:

• The implementation of technologies of preparation and chemical recycling of PET wastes coming from multilayer or color packaging are feasible.

• Alkyl and unsaturated polyester resins from not valued PET wastes (multilayer or colour packaging) can be obtained by chemical recycling.

• Thermoset resins with low environmental impact and at competitive cost can be developed

Acknowledgments

This work has been co-funded by Competitivity and Economy Ministry in “Retos-Colaboracion” National Program of Research, Development and Innovation oriented to Societal Challenges RTC-2015-3855-5 and FEDER Funds.

Referencias

[1] Directiva 94/62/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de diciembre de 1994, relativa a los envases y sus residuos. DO L 365 de 31.12.1994

2 Mohamadi, M. et al. “Synthese und Charakterisierung von BHETA basierten neuen Polyurethanen”. Mat-WissU Werkstofftech, 41 (8):682-88 (2010)

3 Spychaj T. “Chemical Recycling of PET: Methods and Products”. En: FAKIROV S. “Handbook of Thermoplastic Polyesters: Homopolymers, Copolymers, Blends, and Composites”. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, FRG. doi: 10.1002/3527601961.ch27, 2005: 1252-1290

4 Shamsi R. et al. “Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on aminolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes, and evaluation of their thermal and mechanical properties”. Polym Int 58:22–30 (2009)