Latest revision as of 11:43, 30 September 2021

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the uplift behavior coupled with the non-linearity both in material properties and in geometry deformations of a typical gantry crane under near-field ground motions. First, the highly nonlinear and time variable model considering the uplift-available boundary condition based on the theory of Mohr-Coulomb friction is established of the gantry crane using the OpenSees platform. Then, a series of time-history analyses on this model structure is performed under three near-field seismic loadings with different exceeding probabilities. Furthermore, the comparison between the uplift-available gantry crane and the fixed crane is also carried out to provide in-depth insight into the structural responses under different boundary conditions. Finally, coupling with the material and geometry inelastic behavior, the uplift response process is modeled in this paper and the seismic incident angle from 0 up to 360 degrees is also examined to quantitatively confirm the prioritization of uplift event and the other inelastic responses. And the new conception of uplift probability is first proposed herein to reveal the nature of uncertainty. It is found that uplift behavior plays an essential role in designing and evaluating the seismic performance of gantry cranes; further, the uplift response increases the seismic demand of the gantry crane structure and even causes collapse under strong ground motions.

Keywords: Uplift event, near-field earthquake, gantry crane, coupled response, time-histoy analysis

1. Introduction

With the increase of manufacturing and logistics worldwide in the last few decades, gantry crane, a crane built atop a gantry, is widely utilized to elevate heavy objects or large components at the factory, the wharf, or the container freight station. It is of the essence in the modern logistics system and the lockout of the cranes will cause huge economic losses. To meet the increasing demand for commercial and industrial products circulation, modern cranes with ever-larger span and operational capacity have been more commonly designed and manufactured. Therefore, modern cranes with large physical size are more sensitive to natural hazards especially the earthquake. The Chinese crane design manual [1], however, has ignored the performance of gantry cranes during an earthquake for a long time.

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Figure 1. Collapsed cranes after the Kobe Earthquake [2]

The Kobe earthquake of 1995, a near-field ground motion, has demonstrated that the seismic performance of gantry cranes is critical and cannot be omitted. During this earthquake, several cranes were gravely damaged in the steel structure (Figure 1), including a completely collapsed one [3,4]. This result showed that the damage to gantry crane structures was increased as a result of the high input energy induced by the near-field ground motions. They produce high velocity pulses causing increasing structural demands which may have detrimental influences on the gantry crane structures [5]. Hence, it is of great importance in the modern design of gantry cranes with better seismic-resistant behavior under near-field ground motions.

In literature, several researchers investigated the effects of near-field ground motion on engineering structures [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. All the results from these studies show that the near-field ground motions play an essential role on the seismic response of various structures including bridges, buildings, tunnels, and power stations. However, there is only one research [16] focusing on the effects of near-field ground motion characteristics on the seismic response of gantry cranes.

To fully investigate the effects of near-field ground motions on gantry cranes, a comprehensive understanding of the structural characteristics of gantry cranes is indispensable. The ability to uplift, one of the most important features of gantry cranes, is proved to be critical to the seismic response [17,18,19]. Since gantry cranes are not fixed to the ground on which they sit. Instead, they sit on rails, which are embedded in the hard ground, with a set of wheels. Because this boundary arrangement does not provide positive vertical constraint, the wheels are free to uplift under sufficient loads theoretically. Thus, understanding the onset and effect of uplift is of much concern.

Some attempts have been made over the past decade on the seismic performance of crane structures. Originally, it was widely accepted that allowing uplift significantly reduces the resulting internal crane forces [20,21,22]. This assumption was tolerable since the early gantry cranes had small physical size and thus could tip at relatively small lateral loads. However, with constant growth in the physical size of new gantry cranes to achieve ever-larger lifting capacity, some opposite conclusions emerge [3,17] after the Kobe earthquake. These studies consider the uplift response as a potential threat to the structural safety of gantry cranes. While previous research focused predominantly on the response for several earthquakes and over varies excitation intensities in multiple directions [23,24,25,26,27], near-field ground motions were not particularly selected as seismic inputs and severe structural damage or collapse is omitted [18,28,29,30]. Given that, this paper evaluates the performance of gantry cranes allowing uplift and collapse subjected to near-field ground motions in multiple incident angles. In this way, we will have a more thorough understanding of how the uplift response influences the overall performance of gantry cranes.

This paper is organized to first give the reader information on the numerical model and nonlinear finite element model of a typical gantry crane with detailed modeling of boundary condition theoretically; then, in section 3, three near-field ground motions with exceeding probability of 2%, 10%, and 63% in 50 years respectively are chosen based on the site condition; there are four major issues discussed in section 4, the first two issues focus on the seismic response of the gantry crane under ground motions in the trolley-travel direction and cart-travel direction respectively. Then, the target responses of the gantry crane are compared between uplift-available and fixed boundary conditions. Finally, the probability of an uplift event is conducted by changing the seismic incident angle with an interval of 1 degree; additionally, the summary and conclusions are drawn based on the above sections in the last part.

2. Numerical model and uplift-available boundary condition

2.1 Finite element model

In this research, a quintessential gantry crane, which located in the earthquake prone area, was adopted as the analysis object shown in Figure 2. The chief components of the gantry crane are a pair of trolley girders, flexible legs, rigid legs, sill beams, and support beams, all of which are manufactured by Q235 steel. Some components of the gantry crane which contribute little impact to the seismic response we are interested in, such as the hoisting box and the ladder, were ignored. Furthermore, the gantry crane is 15 meters in height, including the height of cartwheels, and the span is 30 meters between the flexible and rigid legs.

Figure 2. Schematic of sample gantry crane

In the light of the structural data of the sample crane, the finite element model is developed in the OpenSees software [31], which considers the center-line approximation and omits the panel zone effect. This modeling approach is chosen as the extra flexibility introduced to the system due to the center-line dimension counterbalances the influence of panel-zone effect [18]. The P-Delta effect is employed to make allowance for the geometric nonlinearity [32,33]. Besides, the mass density, elastic modulus, yielding stress, and damping ratio are individually equal to 7800${\textstyle {kg/m^{3}}}$, 2.01${\textstyle \times {10}^{11}}$Pa, 235 MPa, and 3% It should be noted that in this paper, the X, Y, and Z coordinates represent the trolley-travel direction, vertical direction, and cart-travel direction separately (Figure 3).

Figure 3. 3D model of fixed gantry crane

In an attempt to replicate the nonlinear behavior of the sample crane more accurately, the junctions of trolley girders and legs are modeled as rotational springs [34]. Given that the trolley girder itself is a complete whole, only one rotational spring at the junction is needed. A schematic of the rotational spring model is shown in Figure 3 and the constitutive model of the spring is also built where ${\textstyle a=4\beta _{y},b=6\beta _{y}}$, and ${\textstyle c=0.2M_{y}}$ respectively. Since the trolley girders and legs are too long to ignore its nonlinear behavior during an earthquake, all of them are considered as bilinear kinematic hardening models [35,36] which are simulated by ${\textstyle dispBeamColumn}$ element in the OpenSees software (shown in Figure 3).

2.2 Mechanism of uplift

The system of the gantry crane under investigation is shown in Figure 4a. The superstructure consists of ${\textstyle 2(n+m)-4}$ rigid masses and there are two degrees of freedom (${\textstyle u_{ix}}$ and ${\textstyle u_{iy}}$) per rigid mass as shown in Figure 4. The steel structure is supported by a two-spring foundation with springs of stiffness ${\textstyle k}$ and dashpots of constant ${\textstyle c}$, a distance ${\textstyle \xi }$ from the center of the base. The system, initially at rest, is subjected to horizontal and vertical ground accelerations, ${\textstyle {\ddot {x}}_{G}}$ and ${\textstyle {\ddot {y}}_{G}}$ respectively. Using a force-based approach to model impact and friction, the equations of motion subjected to ground motions (${\textstyle {\ddot {x}}_{G}}$ and ${\textstyle {\ddot {y}}_{G}}$) can be written as:

where ${\textstyle \mathbf {\ddot {u}} (t),\mathbf {\dot {u}} (t),\mathbf {u} (t)}$ are the acceleration, velocity and displacement vectors relative to the ground; ${\textstyle \mathbf {M(t)} ,\mathbf {C} (t),\mathbf {K} (t)}$ represent the mass, damping coefficient and stiffness matrices of the system with respect to time; ${\textstyle \mathbf {F} _{\mathit {i}}(t),\mathbf {F} _{\mathit {f}}(t)}$ and ${\textstyle \mathbf {F} _{\mathit {c}}(t)}$ mean the forces caused by ground motions, friction and impact respectively, all of which can be described as:

where ${\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\ddot {\phi }}}(t)}$ and ${\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\phi }}(t)}$ are the rotation acceleration and rotation angle vectors of the structure in the plane of motion, illustrated in Figure 4; ${\textstyle \mathbf {\ddot {x}} _{G}(t))}$ represents the vector of horizontal ground motion; ${\textstyle \mu }$ means the friction coefficient of the ground and ${\textstyle F(t)}$ represents the vertical force of the structure foundation; It should be noted that the Kelvin model is utilized to simulate the impact effect after uplift, which uses a non-linear spring of stiffness (${\textstyle k_{h}}$), the velocity and distance between the base and the structure foundation (${\textstyle {\dot {x}},x}$) and a damper coefficient (${\textstyle c_{k}}$). Meanwhile, when ${\textstyle x\leqslant 0}$, ${\textstyle \mathbf {F} _{\mathit {c}}(t)={\boldsymbol {0}}}$ since no impact phenomenon occurs.

(a) Structure system on two-spring foundation	(b) Free body diagram of the system
Figure 4

In Eq. (4), the damping coefficient ${\textstyle c_{k}}$ can be related to the coefficient of restitution (${\textstyle e}$), by equating the energy losses during impact (Eqs.(5)-(6)). Where ${\textstyle M_{c}}$ roughly equals to the structural mass divided by the number of leg bases, and ${\textstyle \gamma }$ means the damping ratio. The specific values of these parameters are discussed detailedly in the next section

Considering the structure system as a whole, the formulation can be described in full contact stage:

and the structure system after lift-off can be represented in the following mathematical models:

In these equations, ${\textstyle {\ddot {y}},{\dot {y}}}$, and ${\textstyle y}$ represents the vertical acceleration, velocity and displacement of the center of mass; ${\textstyle \mathbf {h,m,{\ddot {u}}} }$, and ${\textstyle \mathbf {u} }$ are column vectors, and ${\textstyle h_{c}}$ is the height at which the center of mass is located. It is worth noting that although the concentrated mass points numbering are two dimensional, they are still organized in a vector mode. ${\textstyle M_{c}}$ is the total mass of the structure system; ${\textstyle I_{M}}$ means the total moment of inertia about the middle point of the base; ${\textstyle p_{1},p_{2},\zeta _{1}}$ and ${\textstyle \zeta _{2}}$ are the characteristic frequencies and ratios of critical damping during full contact for rocking and certical motions of the corresponding rigid superstructure, and are defined by the following equations:

2.3 Boundary condition

Since the cart wheels of the gantry crane are not firmly tied to the crane rails, it is achievable for the cart wheels to uplift from the rails due to an earthquake. Additionally, if a wheel uplifts more than the height of the wheel flange, it will fall off the track and cause considerable damage to the crane. Thus, a specialized boundary condition is desired to accurately simulate the significant seismic response.

There are three boundary modeling strategies which are used in correlational studies [37,38]. As shown in Figure 5 and in order of increasing complexity, they are pinned, elastic-no-tension, and frictional contact. The first strategy is the simplest and most frequently used in the evaluation of the seismic performance of crane. When compressive vertical reactions are developed on the crane’s legs, the crane acts essentially pinned. However, this strategy will provide tensile reactions when the legs begin to leave the rails. This simulation is quite different from reality. Nevertheless, the pinned boundary cranes were also studied to compare with the uplift-available gantry cranes which will be discussed below.

Figure 5. Schematic showing behavior of three idealized boundary conditions

The second strategy is called elastic-no-tension (ENT). Compressive vertical reactions will be developed under seismic excitation. But tensile vertical reactions will not be developed which is different from the pinned condition. Instead, the legs are allowed to uplift when the vertical reactions decrease to zero. However, the horizontal constraint will develop during uplift events which means derailment is not possible, so the legs move perfectly vertical [20]. This strategy is not recommended because of higher base shear demand compared with authentic uplift.

The third strategy is called frictional contact (FC) which is utilized in this paper since the strategy simulates the uplift response veritably. In this method, the horizontal constraint will vanish when there is no compressive vertical reaction based on the theory of Mohr-Coulomb friction (Eq.(15)). In other words, the maximum horizontal force (${\textstyle F_{f}}$) is equal to friction coefficient (${\textstyle \mu }$) multiplied by the vertical force (${\textstyle F_{v}}$). In this paper, ${\textstyle \mu =0.8}$ is chosen as the value is proved to be generally effective in limiting premature sliding to a negligible range for the uplift-available gantry crane subjected to ground motions [2]

To simulate the impact after uplift, a stiff spring in parallel with a damper should be added between the contact surface and the ground, which are used to achieve linear viscoelastic pounding behavior. The parameters were chosen as suggested by Muthukumar [39], which has been shown to be relatively insensitive to changes of an order of magnitude [40,41]. Therefore, in Eq.(6), the restitution coefficient is assumed ${\textstyle e=0.6}$. Besides, the stiff spring constant (${\textstyle k_{k}}$) is assumed to be ${\textstyle 4.4\times 10^{6}(kN/m)}$ based on the above researches. Since the friction contact boundary idealization can capture the critical uplift and derailment responses in a credible and simple way, the frictional contact model was utilized in the nonlinear dynamic time-history based analysis of the container crane.

Table 1 lists the first ten characteristic frequencies of gantry cranes with fixed and uplift-available boundary conditions. Comparatively, the dynamic stiffness of the fixed gantry crane is larger than the corresponding value of the latter. Distinctly, the FC boundary condition decreases the structural dynamic stiffness and therefore, the structure is more flexible compared to the fixed boundary condition.

To obtain a more specific impressions, Figure 6 sketches the values of the natural frequencies and mode shapes for the four most interested modes. These modes consist of two torsion modes, boom dominated (Figure 6(a)) and frame dominated (Figure 6(c)), the sway along the cart-travel direction (Figure 6(b)), and a vertical displacement mode (Figure 6(d)).

Figure 6. Natural mode shapes for the four most interested modes of the uplift-available gantry crane

3. Selection of ground motions

The investigated gantry crane is located in the median area of Yunnan province, China. This is an earthquake prone area where multiple rare earthquakes have taken place in recent decades. Accordingly, the seismic capacity of the crane during an earthquake is of paramount importance. To fully investigate nonlinear behavior including the uplift phenomenon of the gantry crane, three rare earthquake waves with an exceeding probability of 63%, 10%, and 2% in 50 years respectively were chosen based on the site condition. Their peak ground accelerations are ${\textstyle 11.0m/s^{2},5.49m/s^{2},}$ and ${\textstyle 1.6m/s^{2}}$ and the specific curves are depicted in Figure 5.

Figure 7 shows the time-history curves and corresponding power spectra obtaining from fast Fourier transform of three seismic loads. Apparently, the dominant frequencies of all the three near-field ground motions drop in the scope of 0-1 Hz. Allowing for the uplift-available boundary condition decreasing the intrinsic dynamic stiffness of the gantry crane, the structure is more likely to resonate and therefore, cause greater distortion when subjecting to the near-field ground motions. In the light of Figure 6, two out of four interested modes of uplift-available gantry crane are in the dominant frequency scope of these seismic waves while no mode is in 0-1 Hz of a fixed gantry crane.

Figure 7. time-history curves and corresponding power spectra of three seismic loads

4. Results and discussions

4.1 Seismic input in the trolley-travel direction

Considering the portal sway mode is the dominant response of gantry crane [18], the seismic inputs in the trolley-travel direction are investigated in the first place. Since the rare earthquakes are considered in this article, the vertical inputs should be investigated with the horizontal one concurrently and its magnitude is 0.65 times of horizontal acceleration magnitude in the light of specifications for seismic design of highway bridges in China [42]. The working conditions of the gantry crane are complex and the three most dangerous conditions, full-loaded trolley located on the midspan of the girders (Case 1), full-loaded trolley located on the cantilever end of flexible legs (Case 2), and rigid legs (Case 3), are studied in this paper.

In general, nine separate analyses, three seismic waves combining with three working conditions, were carried out along with the trolley-travel direction in this section. Uplift events were observed in four cases of these analyses (Table 2). Concretely, when the exceeding probability of the seismic input is 2%, all the three cases motivated the uplift of the legs. Inversely, the uplift event did not develop under the seismic input of 63% exceeding probability. As a contrast, the uplift event only happened in Case 3 when it comes to 10% exceeding probability.

Given the responses of the gantry crane, the uplift events of the flexible legs and rigid legs were successively occurred (Figure 8a). It is worth noting that in this paper, leg 1 and 2 represent two flexible legs while leg 3 and 4 represent corresponding rigid legs. As can be seen, the primary uplift displacements (more than 1 cm) of the leg 1 and 2 are at around 15th second. Simultaneously, the satisfactory result is at around 20th second with regard to the rigid legs. What’s more, the maximum uplift displacement of the flexible leg is approximately 38% less than that of the rigid leg.

(a) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 1 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in trolley-travel direction

(b) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 2 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in trolley-travel direction

Figure 8

Comparing the displacement of the four legs of the gantry crane in Figure 8a, the displacement curves show that the four legs experienced different uplift processes. This conclusion is not an individual phenomenon and can also be drawn from the analyses with the rest uplift event (also in Figure 9a). It is remarkable since the gantry crane is symmetrical along the trolley-traveled direction and the mirrored legs will experience the same deformation when the legs are fixed on the ground. This phenomenon could be expounded that the uplift-available model has highly geometric nonlinear properties and therefore, causes the asymmetric seismic response of four leg bases.

In Figure 8, the first uplift times of the two flexible legs are 22nd and 12th second separately and the time of the two rigid legs is 10th second. Apparently, the torsional deflection of the two flexible legs occurred during the ground earthquake motion. Since the full-loaded trolley lied on the cantilever end of the flexible legs, the rigid legs experienced more uplift processes compared with the flexible legs. Notice that the displacement results of all the four legs do not converge after 50 seconds which did not happen in the above case. A reasonable speculation is that the gantry crane collapsed under this situation and therefore, the non-convergence results of the specific structural dynamic equations were calculated.

Different from the above two situations, the rigid legs did not uplift when the full-loaded trolley was located on the cantilever end of rigid legs under the 2% rare earthquake. Correspondingly, the two flexible legs experienced the first uplift response at about 12th second. Then, a series of uplift events took place with the input of the seismic wave. In the end, the gantry crane structure collapsed at about 27th second since the calculated results didn’t converge (Figure 9).

(a) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 3 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in trolley-travel direction

(b) Vertical displacements of flexible legs in Case 3 for seismic excitation with 10% exceeding probability in trolley-travel direction

Figure 9

Remarkably, the gantry crane in Case 3 (the full-loaded trolley located on the cantilever end of rigid legs) also uplift under 10% rare earthquake (Figure 9). As a contrast, Case 1 and Case 2 did not cause the uplift event of the gantry crane under the same ground motion. Since the full-loaded trolley lied on the cantilever end of the rigid legs under this situation, the flexible legs experienced more uplift processes compared with the rigid legs. As the intensity of the earthquake decreases, the structural strength of the gantry crane could resist the earthquake in Case 3.

4.2 Seismic inputs in the cart-travel direction

To fully investigate the uplift behavior of the gantry crane, the seismic inputs in the cart-travel direction are considered as well due to the relatively small span between two rigid legs in this direction. Again, the vertical inputs along with the horizontal components should be considered as well and the coefficient is 0.65. What’s more, the most dangerous working conditions, Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, and three seismic inputs with 2%,10%, and 63% exceeding probabilities are also employed. That means nine separate analyses should be carried out along with the cart-travel direction in this section.

As shown in Table 2, uplift events were observed in six cases of these analyses. Compared with the last section, four cases are the same and two added case is the gantry crane in Case 1and Case 2 with 10% seismic input. For convenience, uplift observed analyses in this part are named in sequence as Situation 1 to 6. The first four situations are one to one correspondence with the analyses in the last section and the fifth and sixth situation are the added cases (the gantry crane in Case 1 and Case 2 with 10% seismic input).

In Situation 1 to 4 (Figures 13a, 14a and 15), the uplift response is more obvious and the uplift period is much shorter compared with the corresponding analysis in section 1, which can be easily drawn by observing the figures. This phenomenon can be explained since the eigen period in the cart-travel direction is shorter than that in the trolley-travel direction. In most cases, the primary uplift events of all the four legs take place earlier than the corresponding analyses. It is worth noting that in this section, the collapse event of the gantry crane doesn’t appear while two collapse events are observed in section 4.1. To sum up, the seismic inputs in the cart-travel direction will cause more elastic deformations and uplift events. As a contrast, more plastic deformations are produced during the ground motion in the trolley-travel direction.

In Situation 5 and 6 (Figures 14 and 15a), only the rigid legs experienced the uplift events and the vertical displacements were relatively small. Visibly, this fact can be explained by the conclusions drawn in the previous paragraph.

4.3 Comparison between uplift-available and fixed boundary conditions

For a better understanding of the influence of the uplift-available boundary condition, the gantry crane with fixed boundary condition was investigated as a comparison in this section. Therefore, a total of 36 separate analyses were performed for two different boundary conditions. As representative examples, Figures 10a and 10b depict the responses of the gantry crane in Case 1 experienced earthquakes of three different intensities. Notice that the vertical coordinate, displacement (cm), in these pictures represents the absolute deformation of the trolley halfway point.

(a) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 1 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in trolley-travel direction

(b) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 1 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in cart-travel direction

Figure 10

Figures 10a and 10b show that the final displacement with the uplift-available boundary condition is larger than that with the fixed boundary condition in all the three subgraphs. Thus, it is clear that in this case, the uplift response actually amplifies the structural demand, rather than providing the response isolation typically assumed in design. The pictures of the rest analyses are shown in the appendix (Figures 16a and 17) and their relationship to the structural demand is demonstrated in Table 3.

In most cases of the Table 3, the observation echoes the conclusion that allowing uplift can contribute to structural damage or cause collapse rather than limiting the structural demand. Despite that the conclusions are the same, the causes of the phenomenon are not identical. When suffering from the ground motion with 2% exceeding probability, allowing uplift causes collapse of the structure and therefore, the structural demand is much larger than the gantry crane with a fixed boundary condition. Nevertheless, under the 63% ground motion, the difference in the initial displacement due to the structural stiffness variation, uplift-available boundary condition making the structure more flexible, takes the main responsibility for the larger displacement. The rest condition, seismic input with 10% exceeding probability, is complex since four cases support the above conclusion while two cases don’t.

These two special cases in Table 3 draw the opposite conclusion: the structural demand with a fixed boundary condition is larger than the uplift-available condition. Clearly, allowing this type of uplift greatly reduces the resulting internal crane forces, which echoes the assumption proposed by [43]. It is worth noting that the seismic inputs of the two cases are both in the cart-travel direction, where the structural eigen value is relatively small.

4.4 Influence of seismic incident angle

Concluding from the above research, the onset of uplift is sensitive to the direction of the seismic input. Therefore, to fully investigate the influence of seismic incident angle, further research focused on the uplift event and inelastic action is carried out in this section. Again, three working conditions, Case 1, Case 2, and Case 3, are considered with the 2% exceeding probability seismic input. Meanwhile, the interval of the seismic incident angle is 1 degree.

Table 4 shows the uplift probability of flexible and rigid legs in three cases and the detailed information of four bold data are depicted in Figures 11 and 12. As can be seen, the uplift probabilities are slightly different between two pairs of the legs, Leg 1 and 2, Leg 3 and 4. This phenomenon echoes the conclusion drawn in section 4.1 that the seismic response of the structure is not symmetrical along the geometric symmetry line. what's more, in Case 3, the flexible legs have maximum probabilities to uplift while in Case 2, the uplift event does not occur in the flexible legs.

(a) Maximum vertical displacements of the flexible leg	(b) Maximum vertical displacements of the rigid leg
Figure 11. Maximum vertical displacements of the flexible and rigid legs in Case 1 at different degrees

(a) Maximum vertical displacements of the rigid leg in Case 2 at different degrees	(b) Maximum vertical displacements of the flexible leg in Case 3 at different degrees
Figure 12

Figure 11 shows the maximum vertical displacements of the flexible and rigid legs in Case 1 at different degrees. To make a clear definition, only the maximum vertical displacement exceeding 1 cm is considered as an uplift event. Graphically, the red points signify the uplift event and black points represent no uplift event. In detail, the point graph is approximately symmetrical and the uplift points are concentrated in two intervals, from 30 degrees to 120 degrees and 240 degrees to 330 degrees (Figure 11b). Remarkably, the uplifting probability is about 16% for the rigid leg which means the onset of inelastic action comes before the uplift event in most instances. Analogously, the uplifting probability is around 14% for the flexible leg (Figure 11a).

The flexible leg has a higher chance, 72%, to uplift when the gantry crane is in Case 3 (Figure 12). Convincingly, the wheel pressure of the flexible leg is small in this situation and therefore, it is easy to go to zero under a strong earthquake. Besides, the uplifting probability of the rigid leg in Case 2 is 13% and the uplift events gather from 100 degrees to 130 degrees.

The critical uplift response is sensitive to the seismic incident angle and the characteristics of uplift, both of which are captured well by the analytical models. A reasonable explanation of the four pictures is that the structure begins to absorb the seismic energy after reaching the plastic phase before it has time to get enough energy to uplift.

(a) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 1 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

(b) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 2 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

Figure 13

(a) Vertical displacements of flexible and rigid legs in Case 3 for seismic excitation with 2% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

(b) Vertical displacements of rigid legs in Case 1 for seismic excitation with 10% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

Figure 14

(a) Vertical displacements of flexible legs in Case 2 for seismic excitation with 10% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

(b) Vertical displacements of flexible legs in Case 3 for seismic excitation with 10% exceeding probability in cart-travel direction

Figure 15

(a) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 2 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in trolley-travel direction

(b) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 3 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in trolley-travel direction

Figure 16

(a) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 2 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in cart-travel direction

(b) Target displacements of gantry crane in Case 3 for 2%, 10%, 63% seismic excitations in cart-travel direction

Figure 17

5. Conclusions

In this paper, three near-field ground motions with different exceeding probability are utilized to assess the uplift response of a typical gantry crane. Aiming to develop a thorough understanding of the uplift behavior of the gantry crane, a finite element model with the uplift-available legs is developed. Then, the two most dangerous incident angles of the structure are investigated with three different working conditions. Corresponding results of the uplift-available crane are compared with that of the gantry crane whose legs are fixed. Finally, whether the uplift event is prior to the inelastic deformation is also discussed. Several key findings are highlighted below:

• Uplift of a gantry crane may happen during a near-field ground motion whose exceeding probability is more than 10% And the direction of the ground motion has a significant influence on the seismic demand of the gantry crane. Therefore, predicting uplift is essential for properly designing and evaluating the seismic performance of gantry cranes;
• A detailed comparison between an uplift-available gantry crane and a fixed one is made in this paper. The uplift response of gantry cranes increases the seismic performance of the structure and even causes collapse during an earthquake. However, in rare cases, the opposite conclusion is drawn. That means the assumption, cranes performing well in an earthquake due to a rocking response, is partially true in certain cases;
• Uplift probability is introduced in this article to determine the prioritization of uplift event and inelastic response. With the change of seismic incident angle, the structure does not always uplift in all conditions. On the contrary, the inelastic response happens first in most situations and absorbs the seismic energy to prevent the occurrence of uplift events.

Acknowledgment

The research for this paper was supported partially by the Science and Technology Plan of Sichuan Science and Technology Department (No.2019YJ0243), National Science Foundation of China (No. 51675450 and No.51308465), and Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No.2015M580031). The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to all the sponsors for financial support.

References