Latest revision as of 19:44, 22 March 2021

Abstract

The penetration of electric vehicles (EV) seems to be a forthcoming reality in the transport sector worldwide, involving significant increases in electricity demand. However, many countries such as Spain have not yet set binding policy targets in this regard. When compared to a business-as-usual situation, this work evaluates the life-cycle consequences of the increased electricity demand of the Spanish road transport technology mix until 2050. This is done by combining Life Cycle Assessment and Energy Systems Modelling under three alternative scenarios based on the low, medium, or high penetration rate of EV. In all cases, EV deployment is found to involve a relatively small percentage (<4%) of the final electricity demand. Wind power and waste-to-energy plants arise as the main technologies responsible for meeting the increased electricity demand associated with EV penetration. When considering a high market penetration (20 million EV by 2050), the highest annual impacts potentially caused by the additional electricity demand are 0.93 Mt CO2 eq, 0.25 kDALY, and 30.34 PJ in terms of climate change, human health, and resources, respectively. Overall, EV penetration is concluded to slightly affect the national power generation sector, whereas it could dramatically reduce the life-cycle impacts associated with conventional transport.

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The different versions of the original document can be found in:

• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11051185 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1185/pdf under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

• http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1185,

https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073 under the license cc-by

• http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/5/1185/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11051185

• https://core.ac.uk/display/157645479,

https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051185,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2801142945 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/