Latest revision as of 13:28, 12 February 2021

Abstract

Owing to the widespread use of smartphones and various cloud services, user traffic in cellular networks is rapidly increasing. Especially, the traffic congestion is severe in urban areas, and effective service-cell planning is required in the area for efficient radio resource usage. Because many users are also inside high buildings in the urban area, the knowledge of propagation loss characteristics in the outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) scenario is indispensable for the purpose. The ray-tracing simulation has been widely used for service-cell planning, but it has a problem that the propagation loss tends to be underestimated in a typical O2I scenario in which the incident radio waves penetrate indoors through building windows. In this paper, we proposed the extension method of the ray-tracing simulation to solve the problem. In the proposed method, the additional loss factors such as the Fresnel zone shielding loss and the transmission loss by the equivalent dielectric plate were calculated for respective rays to eliminate the penetration loss prediction error. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted radio propagation measurements in a high-building environment by using the developed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based measurement system. The results showed that the penetration loss of direct and reflection rays was significantly underestimated in the ray-tracing simulation and the proposed method could correct the problem. The mean prediction error was improved from 7.0 dB to &minus

0.5 dB, and the standard deviation was also improved from 8.2 dB to 5.3 dB. The results are expected to be utilized for actual service-cell planning in the urban environment.

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The different versions of the original document can be found in:

• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121398 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121398 under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/12/1398/pdf under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/12/1398/htm,

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/12/1398/pdf,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2991019775 under the license cc-by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/8/12/1398/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121398

under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/