Latest revision as of 12:58, 12 February 2021

Abstract

© 2020 by the authors.

Europe must move towards a 100% renewable transportation system for climate, energy and sustainability reasons. We estimate the capital and energy required for building and operating a renewable transportation system providing similar services as the EU-28 transport system of 2016. It could be based on: biogas or fuel cell vessels; liquid biogas powered aircrafts; electric railways and fuel cell or electric vehicles between major cities; and car sharing, electric buses and electric two- and three-wheelers, for short journeys. A system of charging posts on the streets and roads for passenger and commercial e-vehicles is studied. Alternatively, a Tracked Electric Vehicle system of continuous power on European roads would improve energy efficiency and the saving of scarce metals (Ni, Li), at a lower cost, if only national roads were electrified. The investment for the construction of the whole system would be 2.3–2.7% of the EU’s GDP per year for 30 years. The new system operation would require 16% less energy than that of 2016, with reduction of 70% in road transport. However, shipping and aviation would demand 162% and 149% more energy, respectively, if liquefied biogas were used as fuel. A type of land transport fully based on trains would provide a similar service to that of an electric vehicle fleet, with a 29% lower energy consumption.

This study was founded by the European Union, MEDEAS project (“Modeling the Renewable Energy Transition in Europe”, European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, grant agreement No 691287 of the Framework Program for Research and Innovation actions, H2020 LCE-21-2015).

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• http://hdl.handle.net/10261/215733 under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5091/pdf under the license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5091,

https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050 under the license cc-by

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5091,

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5091/pdf,

https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i12p5091-d375002.html,

https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3036546072

• https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/12/5091/pdf,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125091

under the license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/