Enhanced primary frequency control from EVs: a fleet management strategy to mitigate effects of response discreteness


== Abstract ==

Electric vehicle (EV) chargers can be controlled to support the grid frequency by implementing a standard-compliant fast primary frequency control (PFC). This study addresses potential effects on power systems due to control discreteness in aggregated EVs when providing frequency regulation. Possible consequences of a discrete response, as reserve provision error and induced grid frequency oscillations, are first identified by a theoretical analysis both for large power systems and for microgrids. Thus, an EV fleet management solution relying on shifting the droop characteristic for the individual EVs is proposed. The PFC is implemented in a microgrid with a power-hardware-in-the-loop approach to complement the investigation with experimental validation. Both the analytical and the experimental results demonstrate how the controller performance is influenced by the response granularity, and that related oscillations can be prevented either by reducing the response granularity or by applying appropriate shifts on the droop characteristics for individual EVs. This is an open access article published by the IET under the Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/)

Document type: Article

== Full document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_396959580-beopen114-9754-document.pdf</pdf>


== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274]

* [http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2621558 http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2621558]

* [https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274] under the license cc-by-nc-nd

* [https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274],
: [https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf],
: [https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2621558 https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2621558],
: [https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf],
: [https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/enhanced-primary-frequency-control-from-evs-a-fleet-management-st https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/enhanced-primary-frequency-control-from-evs-a-fleet-management-st],
: [https://staging.orbit.dtic.dk/en/publications/enhanced-primary-frequency-control-from-evs-a-fleet-management-st https://staging.orbit.dtic.dk/en/publications/enhanced-primary-frequency-control-from-evs-a-fleet-management-st],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2947869689 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/2947869689]

* [https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274],
: [https://doaj.org/toc/2515-2947 https://doaj.org/toc/2515-2947]

* [https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274]

* [https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/36aea3b4-e6ed-42df-88f1-883ea40e6e5c https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/36aea3b4-e6ed-42df-88f1-883ea40e6e5c],
: [https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274 https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-stg.2018.0274],
: [https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/180167503/IET_STG.2018.0274.pdf]