Time, speeds, flows and densities in static models of road traffic congestion and congestion pricing


== Abstract ==

This paper studies some of the properties and fundamentals of static models of road traffic congestion that have triggered much debate in the literature. The first part of the paper focuses in particular on the difficulties arising with the backward-bending cost curve in the context of 'continuous congestion'. Therelevance of the backward-bending segment of the cost curve for the static analysis of congestion is questioned by demonstrating that 'equilibria' on this segment produce upwards shifts of the cost curve itself, and can therefore not be of a stationary nature. Next, the implications for static models of 'peakcongestion' are considered. In doing so, the paper addresses the implicit assumptions, particularly on the nature of scheduling costs, that are necessary to render static models of peak congestion internally consistent. The paper ends with a brief discussion of the implications for dynamic models of peakcongestion.


== Original document ==

The different versions of the original document can be found in:

* [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(98)00032-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(98)00032-5]

* [http://hdl.handle.net/10419/113457 http://hdl.handle.net/10419/113457]

* [http://hdl.handle.net/10419/85719 http://hdl.handle.net/10419/85719]

* [http://papers.tinbergen.nl/97070.pdf http://papers.tinbergen.nl/97070.pdf]

* [http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa98/papers/156.pdf http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa98/papers/156.pdf]

* [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/545f0640-ee8e-48b7-ad4a-43aab6ff0bf3 https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/545f0640-ee8e-48b7-ad4a-43aab6ff0bf3]

* [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/6709601c-6fb1-44ea-a8e0-0dc372ebd89f https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/6709601c-6fb1-44ea-a8e0-0dc372ebd89f]

* [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166046298000325?httpAccept=text/xml https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166046298000325?httpAccept=text/xml],
: [https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166046298000325?httpAccept=text/plain https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0166046298000325?httpAccept=text/plain],
: [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(98)00032-5 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0462(98)00032-5] under the license https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/

* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046298000325 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046298000325],
: [https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/regeco/v29y1999i3p341-369.html https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/regeco/v29y1999i3p341-369.html],
: [https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/time-speeds-flows-and-densities-in-static-models-of-road-traffic--3 https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/time-speeds-flows-and-densities-in-static-models-of-road-traffic--3],
: [https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:regeco:v:29:y:1999:i:3:p:341-369 https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:regeco:v:29:y:1999:i:3:p:341-369],
: [https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=652237 https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=652237],
: [https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3023859955 https://academic.microsoft.com/#/detail/3023859955]

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