Features of Bird Distributions in Different Types of Macro Landscapes (Biotypes) in the Kyzyl Kum Desert



==Abstract==

One hundred and forty species of birds have been credibly recognised (during 1970–1990) as Kyzyl Kum desert inhabitants. They are distributed in seven arid landscapes that are unequal in edaphic and floristic characteristics. The most environmentally capacious landscape is the spates of artesian lakes and banks with grass–shrub complexes, where 83 bird species were found. The valleys of dry riverbeds occupied with tamarisk saxaul groves contained 56 bird species. The smallest species range (16) was observed in the variations of the takyr spaces with poor vegetation.

This paper also outlines the relative abundance of 40 species of birds that are typical inhabitants of desert landscapes. We studied four of their habitats, and the effects of seasonal changes on the species composition of shorebirds in three artesian lakes were determined.

==Keywords==

Avifauna ; Kyzyl Kum desert ; Migration

==Introduction==

The avifauna of the Kyzyl Kum desert has been attracting the attention of naturalists who visited the area since the second half of the XIX century ([[#bb0055|Severtsev, 1873]] ; [[#bb0005|Bogdanov, 1882]]  ;  [[#bb0015|Zahidov, 1971]] ). In-depth research of the birds in that territory was initiated by the tireless researcher N.A. [[#bb0010|Zarudny (1914)]] . His name is associated with the drafting of the first full list of bird species in the area, which included nearly 230 bird species. Another list of bird species (254) focused on the northeastern outskirts of Kyzyl Kum and covered the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River ([[#bb0060|Spangenberg and Feigin, 1930]]  ;  [[#bb0065|Spangenberg, 1941]] ). Much later, route observations were carried out within the strip of the desert that includes the Syr Darya delta. The lists generated by [[#bb0020|Kovshar, 2000a]]  ;  [[#bb0025|Kovshar, 2000b]]  included 80 and 128 bird species, respectively.      

Of all of the Kyzyl Kum desert avifauna studies, that of [[#bb0015|Zahidov (1971)]]  found the greatest species diversity of birds (256) and included an environmental analysis of their dynamics in the seasonal aspect.      

The avifauna of the described desert has been studied relatively thoroughly. Nevertheless, there is a lack of acute observations on the ecology of almost all territories, except for scattered incomplete information about some bird species ([[#bb0030|Sabilaev, 2002a]] ; [[#bb0035|Sabilaev, 2002b]] ; [[#bb0040|Sabilaev, 2009]] ; [[#bb0045|Sabilaev, 2012a]]  ;  [[#bb0050|Sabilaev, 2012b]] ). To date, the degree of fidelity of certain species of birds to certain elements (varieties or biotypes) within the macro landscape of the desert, in other words, the spatial arrangement of these animals, has not been determined. The aim of this research was to obtain that information.      

==Materials and Methods==

The observations were carried out on semi-stationary basis for more than 20 years (1970–1990) in the West (all of Karakalpakstan) and North (part of Kazakhstan) Kyzyl Kum territories with coordinates between 41–45° N and 60–64° E. The studied areas extended between the valleys of the lower reaches of the Syr and Amudarya. The bird species were identified and the quantitative assessments were performed visually using binoculars (sometimes by culling) on routes of a total length of 745 km (230 km by foot, 515 km by vehicle). For the same purpose, 30 anthropogenic structures (15 graves and cemeteries; six ruins; three wells woven inside by haloxylon; and six settlements) were regularly inspected. Additionally, an ornitho complex consisting of 18 reservoirs formed by artesian wells with a total area of 114 ha was examined. Three reservoirs (Donkazgan, Kamysty, Uchtagan) became the sites for the observation of the dynamics of the species range of aquatic and semi-aquatic birds (waders).

==Results and Discussion==

It is worth noting that the total number of reliably recognised bird species obtained during the registration and counting period throughout the perennial routes was 140, which is considerably less than that obtained by previous authors. The main reason for this is that I, as a mammalogist, could not always immediately identify the species of birds that I observed from a distance. This was especially an issue in the spring, when many small and medium-sized passerine flocks of approximately 3–7 individuals migrate across the Kyzyl Kum territory and only linger for a short time to feed before flying away.

Numerous artesian lakes attract different species of gulls from the Aral Sea. In the autumn migration period (October), there is a variety of ducks on freshets of water from the wells.

Another important reason for the incomplete coverage of the specific contingent of birds in the described area is that these observations were conducted simultaneously with the execution of an epizootiological survey.

Nevertheless, extensive observational records collected for more than 20 years in the same ecological areas, mainly in the spring, summer and autumn months and occasionally in the winter, enabled the author to objectively identify the features of the landscape distribution of the Kyzyl Kum ornitho complex.

The principal measure used for determining the preference degree of the bird species and their groups within a particular biotype was a quantitative indicator — frequency of meetings or numerical dominance in species ratios expressed as %% of the total amount counted within a particular ecological trough. This study considered additional factors linked to the biology of the birds, such as grouping during the nesting period, spending the night, foraging and other moments of life, for all species strictly adapted to the local environmental conditions of their particular habitat.

In the surveyed desolate Kyzyl Kum landscape, which acted as an arena for all ornitho complex life, seven unequal biotypes were distinguished. We have presented all information obtained (Russian and Latin names of bird species, dates and destinations of their meetings, especially distribution, habitats, references, and the nature of the stay of the birds) in a sufficiently compressed form in [[#t0005|Table 1]] .

<span id='t0005'></span>

{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 60%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|+

Table 1.

List of bird species: the meeting points (mainly in the northern half of the Kyzyl Kum), degree rate of occurrence in the main habitats of the desert and nature of their stay (1970–1990).

|-

! rowspan="2" | No.
! rowspan="2" | Bird species
! rowspan="2" | Meeting points, date and number
! colspan="7" | Key biotypes
! rowspan="2" | Nature of stay
|-

! I
! II
! III
! IV
! V
! VI
! VII
|-

! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
|-

| 1
| Grey heron — ''Ardea cinerea''
| Zhasankatyn 20. V. 1970, 2 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| ST
|-

| 2
| Great white heron — ''Egretta alba''
| Tomarastau 10. VI. 1973, 3 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| ST
|-

| 3
| Bittern — ''Botaurus stellaris''
| In V 1988г, the sole unit was observed at Chirikrabat well
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 4
| Shelduck — ''Tadorna ferruginea''
| Yegizkok V–VI 1975–1980 2–3 braces at a time
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 5
| Shelduck — ''Tadorna tadorna''
| In multiple lakes, 2–3 units at a time
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| + +
| MB
|-

| 6
| Mallard duck — ''Anas platyrhynchos''
| In multiple lakes, 2–3 units at a time
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 7
| Eurasian teal — ''Anas crecca''
| In multiple lakes 1986, flock of 10–30 units comes during the fall migration periods
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 8
| Gadwall — ''Anas strepera''
| Bais, Yegizkok V. 1986, a flock of 3–5 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 9
| European pochard — ''Aythya ferina''
| Bukan, Syrtymbet 1984 during the whole summer, stays for a long time
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 10
| Marbled duck — ''Anas angustirostris''
| Yegizkok, Chirikrabat VI. 1986, 2 units, rare species
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 11
| Garganey — ''Anas querquedula''
| Donkagan, Uchagatch VI. 1987, 3 units, Khodzhahmet 2 units in Х
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 12
| Common shoveler — ''Anas clypeata''
| Donkagan, Uchagatch V. 1985, 2 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 13
| Pariah kite — ''Milvus migrans''
| Donkagan, Uchagatch IV. 1974, 1 unit sailing
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ST
|-

| 14
| Pallas' seal eagle — ''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''
| Murzali IV. 1973г, 1 парящая в воздухе особь
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ST
|-

| 15
| ''Accipiter badius''
| Prevalent
| 
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| 
| M
|-

| 16
| Long-legged buzzard — ''Buteo rufinus''
| Prevalent
| 
| ++
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 17
| War eagle — ''Aquila chrysaetos''
| Donkazgan IV. 1989, 1 sailing unit
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 18
| Imperial eagle — ''Aquila heliaca''[[#tf0005|<sup>⁎</sup>]]
| Observed frequently
| 
| +
| ++
| 
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 19
| Steppe eagle — ''Aquila rapax''
| Observed frequently in the air
| +
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| 
| П
|-

| 20
| Vulture — ''Neophron percnopterus''[[#tf0005|<sup>⁎</sup>]]
| IV–V
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| +
| ST
|-

| 21
| Griffon vulture — ''Gyps fulvus''[[#tf0005|<sup>⁎</sup>]]
| Arrive IV–V from the mountains surrounding the desert
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| +
| ST
|-

| 22
| Serpent eagle — ''Circaetus gallicus''
| Rare bird, nests along the Zhanadarya valley
| 
| +
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 23
| Pallid harrier — ''Circus macrourus''
| Chirikrabat, Kekreli 3. VI. 1983 is observed frequently
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 24
| Marsh harrier — ''Circus aeruginosus''
| Observed frequently in all of the territory
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| M
|-

| 25
| Common kestrel — ''Falco tinnunculus''
| Observed frequently in all of the territory
| +
| +
| +
| +
| ++
| ++
| +
| M
|-

| 26
| Lesser kestrel — ''Falco naumanni''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| +
| +
| M
|-

| 27
| Quail — ''Coturnix coturnix''
| Prevalent
| 
| ++
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 28
| Pheasant — ''Phasianus colchicus''
| Along Zhandarya, Chirikrabat, Irkebai since 1963 when the Syrdarya water was launched
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| S
|-

| 29
| Crane — ''Grus grus''
| Balzhan, Kamysty 25. VI. 1973, IV during the migration period stop for rest
| +
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 30
| Jack — ''Otis undulata''
| Prevalent
| +
| ++
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 31
| Coot — ''Fulica atra''
| Zhasankatyn, Bukan V, VI, IX. 1973 big flocks on these lakes
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 32
| Moorhen — ''Gallinula chloropus''
| Suieyubai, Chirikrabat V. 1986, 1987 2–3 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 33
| Swain — ''Rallus aquaticus''
| Bestam V. 1987, 1 особь
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 34
| ''Porzana parva''
| Chirikrabat, Zhyndybulak V. 1987, 2 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 35
| Stone curlew — ''Burhinus oedicnemus''
| Prevalent
| +
| ++
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 36
| Collared pratincole — ''Glareola pratincola''
| Saktagan V. 1988, big flock (25–30 units) flewied from east to west
| 
| +
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 37
| Little ringed plover — ''Charadrius dubius''
| Prevalent around artesian wells from 15 to 30 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 38
| Kentish plover — ''Charadrius alexandrinus''
| Prevalent at the banks of the water spates
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 39
| Thick plover — ''Charadrius leschenaultii''
| Prevalent in the whole desert
| ++
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-

| 40
| Caspian plover — ''Charadrius asiaticus''
| Prevalent
| ++
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 41
| Lapwing — ''Vanellus vanellus''
| Akbuget, Aldabai 2 and 14. Х. 1987 were observed, 2–3 units                                                    
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 42
| White-tailed lapwing — ''Vanellochettusia leucura''
| Present in all of the artesian spates, stays for the whole summer
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 43
| Turnstone — ''Arenaria interpres''
| Present in all of the lakes but does not stays for the whole summer
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 44
| Curlew — ''Calidris ferruginea''
| Present on all of the water spates
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| M
|-

| 45
| Stint — ''Calidris minuta''
| Flocks are present in almost all of the lakes until October
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 46
| Sandpiper — ''Calidris mauri''
| At Donkazgan and Khatsha lakes, 1 units on 3 Dec. IX 1987
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 47
| Ruff — ''Philomachus pugnax''
| Uchagatch (rare), 1 unit, V 1989.
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 48
| Sandpiper — ''Tringa ochropus''
| Donkazgan, there are many on every lake 1985–1990.
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 49
| Fifi — ''Tringa glareola''
| Uchagatch, Yegizkok V–VI. 1987, 1988.
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 50
| Greenshank — ''Tringa nebularia''
| Donkazgan IV. 1987, 1 unit passed by
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 51
| ''Tringa totanus''
| Yegizkok, Kamysty, Uchagatch IV–V 1987–1990.
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 52
| ''Tringa stagnatilis''
| Uchagatch V. 1987–1988, many
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| M
|-

| 53
| ''Tringa hypoleucos''
| Donkazgan, Kamysty IV. 1987, 1 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 54
| ''Tringa cinerea''
| Donkazgan IV. 1987, 2 units, Uchagatch V 3 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 55
| Godwit — ''Limosa limosa''
| Donkazgan IV. 1987, 2 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 56
| Curlew — ''Numinous arquata''
| Donkazgan IV. 1987, 2 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 57
| Red-necked phalarope — ''Phalaropus lobatus''
| Donkazgan IV. 1987–1990, flock of 10–30 units stays till until late fall
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 58
| Stilt — ''Himantopus himantopus''
| Donkazgan, Beltam, Uchagatch 1987–1990. 4–18 units stays for the whole summer
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 59
| Snipe — ''Gallinago gallinago''
| Kamysty, Khatsha IV–X. 1986, 1987, 2–3 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 60
| Oystercatcher — ''Haematopus ostralegus''
| Uchagatch V–VI, 1987г. sporadic appearances
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 61
| Black-bellied sandgrouse — ''Pterocles orientalis''
| Prevalent, the majority leaves for winter, only the one-third part of them stays
| ++
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 62
| Tailed sandgrouse — ''Pterocles alchata''
| Prevalent, minor group stays for winter
| ++
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 63
| Saja — ''Syrrhaptes paradoxus''
| Prevalent, almost never stays for winter
| ++
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 64
| Dove — ''Columba libia''
| Prevalent, flock from 2 units to 100
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| S
|-

| 65
| Common turtledove — ''Streptopelia turtur''
| Along Zhanadarye, Chabankazgan 1970–1972.
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| S
|-

| 66
| Small dove — ''Streptopelia senegalensis''
| Along Zhanadarye: Irkebai, Bais, Donkazgan etc., nests in the saxaul crown
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| +
| 
| S
|-

| 67
| Cuckoo — ''Cuculus canorus''
| Prevalent V–VI
| 
| +
| +
| 
| 
| +
| 
| ПГ
|-

| 68
| Eagle owl — ''Bubo bubo''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| +
| 
| S
|-

| 69
| Little owl — ''Athene noctua''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| ++
| 
| S
|-

| 70
| Common nighthawk — ''Caprimulgus europaeus''
| Prevalent
| 
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 71
| Dun nightjar — ''Caprimulgus aegyptius''
| Burn 21. IV. 1986
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| MB
|-

| 72
| Common swift — ''Apus apus''
| Murzaly, Bukan V. 1986, appears by spots
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| +
| 
| MB
|-

| 73
| Roller — ''Coracias garrulus''
| Prevalent in cliff places of dry riverbed of Zhanadarya
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 74
| Kingfisher — ''Alcedo atthis''
| В V. 1988. Chirikrabat 1 unit for the entire observation period
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 75
| Green bee-eater — ''Merops superciliosus''
| Prevalent по Zhanadarye: Kamysty, Akchukur, Ongar
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 76
| Hoopoe — ''Upupa epops''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| +
| 
| +
| ++
| +
| MB
|-

| 77
| Winged figure — ''Dendrocopos albipennis''
| Along Zhanadarye Chirikrabart, culled VI. 1982
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| S
|-

| 78
| Black bird — ''Melanocorypha yeltoniensis''
| Kamysty IV, 1987. 1 unit
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 79
| Crested lark — ''Galerida cristata''
| Prevalent in small flocks
| 
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| +
| S
|-

| 80
| Grey bird — ''Calandrella rufescens''
| Prevalent
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| S
|-

| 81
| Short-toed lark — ''Calandrella cinerea''
| Prevalent
| ++
| ++
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| +
| MB
|-

| 82
| Barn swallow — ''Hirundo rustica''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| MB
|-

| 83
| Yellow wagtail — ''Motacilla flava''
| Prevalent, arrives in IV–V and IX–X
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 84
| ''Motacilla lutea''
| Prevalent, arrive in IV and IX–X, in some places dwell for during the whole summer
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 85
| Citrine wagtail — ''Motacilla citreola''
| Prevalent, stay for summer
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 86
| White wagtail — ''Motacilla alba''
| Prevalent, arrive in IV and IX–X
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| ++
| BS
|-

| 87
| Grey shrike — ''Lanius excubitor''
| Prevalent, stays from III till VIII–IX
| 
| ++
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 88
| Long-tailed shrike — ''Lanius schach''
| Karabaskoprik V. 1987 1 unit, was observed only one time
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 89
| Shrike — ''Lanius phoenicuroides''
| Donkazgan, Gazly, Chirikrabat IV. 1988, 1 unit
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 90
| ''Hypocolius ampelinus''
| Donkazgan, Gazly, Chirikrabat IV. 1988, 1 unit
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 91
| Waxwing — ''Bombycilla garrulus''
| Kekreli V. 1989г., 1 unit
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 92
| Mistle thrush — ''Turdus viscivorus''
| From X/1986 till IV/1987 one bird was observed in the town park of Nukus (western Kyzylkum)
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| BS
|-

| 93
| Blackbird — ''Turdus merula''
| Kekreli IV. 1989, the only meeting point
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| BS
|-

| 94
| Wheatear — ''Oenanthe оenanthe''
| Prevalent, arrives from the third ten-day period III and stays till VIII–IX
| 
| +
| +
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 95
| Desert wheatear — ''Oenanthe deserti''
| Prevalent, stays till late fall
| +
| +
| +
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 96
| Pied wheatear — ''Oenanthe pleschanka''
| Prevalent, stays till Х
| 
| +
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 97
| Black-necked heater — ''Oenanthe finschii''
| Prevalent, leaves in the beginning of IX
| 
| +
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 98
| ''Oenanthe isabellina''
| Prevalent, leaves in VIII–IX
| +
| ++
| +
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 99
| Black gavel — ''Saxicola caprata''
| Kaumbet, Gazly V. 1987., 2 units
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 100
| Common redstart — ''Phoenicurus phoenicurus''
| Kamysty, Kekreli IV. 1989, 2 units
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| BS
|-

| 101
| Bluethroat — ''Luscinia svecica''
| Donkazgan Х. 1987, 1 unit
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 102
| European robin — ''Erithacus rubecula''
| Kekreli V. 1987, 1 unit
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| BS
|-

| 103
| ''Cercotrichas galactotes''
| Prevalent along the valley of dry riverbed of Zhanadarya from IV till VIII
| 
| +
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 104
| ''Panurus biarmicus''
| Zhyndybulak 01. 1988, 6 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| S
|-

| 105
| ''Aegithalos caudatus''
| Kamysty, Sazdy Х. 1988–1989, 5–7 units Nomadic bird                                                    
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 106
| ''Cettia cetti''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 107
| Moustached warbler — ''Luscinia melanopogon''
| Kamysty, Chabankazgan, Irkebai V. 1989, 2–3 units
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 108
| Nightingale cricket — ''Locustella luscinioides''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 109
| ''Acrocephalus arundinaceus''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 110
| Reed warbler — ''Acrocephalus seirpaceus''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 111
| Indian warbler — ''Acrocephalus agricola''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 112
| ''Hippolais languida''
| Sazdy, Chirikrabat IV–VI. 1988, 5 units
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| +
| M
|-

| 113
| ''Hippolais caligata''
| Khodzhahmet IX–X. 1989, 3 units
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 114
| ''Hippolais pallida''
| Kamysty, Bais, Irkebai VI. 1990
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 115
| ''Sylvia curruca''
| Kamysty, Bais, Irkebai VI. 1990
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 116
| Desert warbler — ''Sylvia nana''
| Prevalent, leaves upon the termination of reproduction
| 
| +
| +
| ++
| ++
| 
| 
| MB
|-

| 117
| ''Sylvia mustacea''
| Prevalent
| 
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 118
| ''Turdus philomelos''
| Prevalent in the shrubbery
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 119
| ''Remiz coronatus''
| Area of the cemetery Khorsan North eastern Kyzylkum IX.1972, valley of Syrdarya
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 120
| ''Emberiza bruniceps''
| The bird is omnipresent
| 
| +
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| +
| MB
|-

| 121
| ''Emberiza schoeniclus''
| Prevalent around the artesian wells in the shrubbery
| 
| +
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| BS
|-

| 122
| Buckskin reel — ''Rhodospiza obsoleta''
| Prevalent along Zhanadarya valley
| 
| 
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| ++
| S
|-

| 123
| Bullfinch — ''Bucanetes githagineus''
| Kekreli Х. 1987, minor flocks appear only in fall period
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 124
| ''Carpodacus erythrinus''
| Kekreli V. 1987 and 1989, 4–5 units, fed with elm fruit
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 125
| ''Loxia curvirostra''
| Kekreli Х. 1988, 1 unit (dead body — probably the bird stroke)
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| BS
|-

| 126
| Reel — ''Rhodospiza obsoleta''
| Kekreli, Khodzhahmet Х. 1987, flock of 5 to 7 birds
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 127
| House sparrow — ''Passer domesticus''
| Prevalent in little colonies
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| ++
| S
|-

| 128
| ''Passer hispaniolensis''
| Prevalent in little flocks nesting in the tall shrubs
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 129
| Pander sparrow — ''Passer ammodendry''
| Prevalent, flocks of 3–5 units
| 
| 
| ++
| +
| 
| 
| 
| M
|-

| 130
| Sparrow — ''Passer montanus''
| Significant colonies around the lakes (Kamysty, Yegizkok, Murzali) V–VI. 1987–1988 numerous nesting
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| MB
|-

| 131
| Desert sparrow — ''Passer simlex''
| Aktam, Koskuduk, Manas, Borly V. 1987, nesting by family couples
| 
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| 
| S
|-

| 132
| Common starling — ''Sturnus vulgaris''
| Prevalent along Zhanadarye, fly away in Х by numerous flocks
| 
| 
| +
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| MB
|-

| 133
| Pastor — ''Pastor roseus''
| Suieubai, Chirikrabat in the beginning of V. 1987 and 1989, only 12 units passed by
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| +
| BS
|-

| 134
| Myna — ''Acridotheres tristis''
| Shukurhak, Chabankazgan, Kekreli and others, there were many
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| S
|-

| 135
| Desert raven — ''Corvus ruficollis''
| Prevalent, the key condition for that are the tall shrubs for nesting
| 
| 
| ++
| +
| +
| 
| +
| S
|-

| 136
| Crow (black, grey) — ''Corvus corone''
| Prevalent, the big influx in fall since October
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| M
|-

| 137
| Rook — ''Corvus frugilegus''
| Prevalent
| 
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| +
| BS
|-

| 138
| Jackdaw — ''Corvus monedula''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| +
| +
| +
| M
|-

| 139
| ''Podoces panderi''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| 
| S
|-

| 140
| Magpie — ''Pica pica''
| Prevalent
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| 
| ++
| 
| S
|-

| 
| Number of species
| 
| 16
| 37
| 56
| 32
| 30
| 30
| 83
| 
|}

Biotypes: I — Takyrs naked or with spaced sagebrush ''Anabasis''  association;                      

II — Takyr plain with absinthial gramineous herbs, ''Alhagi''  thickets and strong saxaul bushes (khaki);                      

III — Valleys of the dry riverbeds, occupied with tamarisk saxaul groves;

IV — Sands with ephemeral ''Incana''  shrub grouping;                      

V — Clayey stony hummocks, steepers, rocky outcrops and their depressions with sparse shrubs;

VI — Anthropogenic structures (houses, ruins, wells with walls furred by saxaul, cemeteries, etc.);

VII — Spates of the artesian wells with reed grass and bush banks.

Notes: ST — Arrives for short term; BS — Migrating with brief stops;

MB — Migratory breeding; S — Sedentary species; M — Migrating but stay for the whole warm period, nesting not identified;

+ — The species is rare and does not stay long; ++ — The species is frequently present and stays for long period.

⁎. Arriving from the neighbouring mountains, these birds (sometimes up to 20–30 individuals) concentrate around livestock farms in places where that have dead lambs, where they that are taken after removing theiral of skins (IV–V).

[[#t0005|Table 1]]  clearly shows that among the seven types of landscape, the most environmentally intensive are: freshets of the artesian lakes and their banks with grass–shrub vegetation complexes, where 83 bird species were found and the valley of dry riverbeds occupied by tamarisk saxaul groves, where 56 bird species were found. The smallest species range (16) was in landscapes with different variations of takyr spaces with poor vegetation. Only particular vermins fly to this area for a broad overview of their victims. Additionally, there are grouse flocks that gather there, especially after rainfall, and species of cursorials that are able to arrange a clutch of eggs directly on an open place without nesting. In the other landscape varieties, 30 to 37 species of birds were observed that were well-adapted to the elements of the local environment.      

It should be noted that some of the species listed in [[#t0005|Table 1]] , such as vermins (Levant sparrowhawk, steppe eagle, and kestrel) and others (stone curlew, sandgrouse, larks, wagtails, heaters, ravens, and rooks), were found in a variety of landscapes due to their eurytopic lifestyle, although the extent of their occurrence is much higher in their preferred habitats.      

The quantitative material obtained in the seasonal recordings is described in [[#t0010|Table 2]] , which shows the abundance of 40 typical desert species of birds that inhabit the four different biotypes of the Kyzyl Kum macro landscape. Overall, the area is dominated by groups of larks, grouses, warblers and heaters in the four ornithocenosis studied. However, closer analysis of the extent of their distribution revealed the following trend: larks are more attracted to ephemeral incana sites; sandgrouses tend to prefer sagebrush cereal associations on the takyr plain; warblers prefer bushes; and wheaters are most attracted to the sandy tracts of the uniformly dense settlement (colony) of sanderlings. These are the ecological characteristics and spatial distribution features of the individual groups studied within this single macro landscape, although it appears that these groups live side by side.

<span id='t0010'></span>

{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 60%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|+

Table 2.

Relative abundance (in %%) of the most common birds for in Kyzyl Kum, in descending order of totals, in their background biotypes (IV–VI, IX–X 1987–1990).

|-

! rowspan="2" | No.
! Biotypes (landscape variety)
! rowspan="2" | I
! rowspan="2" | II
! rowspan="2" | III
! rowspan="2" | IV
! colspan="2" | Total
|-

! Birds
! Of birds
! % of species
|-

| 
| Route in km
| 75
| 120
| 100
| 120
| 
| On 415 km
|-

| 
| Birds counted (number)
| 587
| 876
| 1025
| 1271
| 3759
| 
|-

| 1
| Larks (grey, small) — ''C. rufescens'' , ''C. cinerea''
| 29.0
| 31.0
| 20.0
| 35.4
| 1095
| 29.1
|-

| 2
| Black-bellied sandgrouse — ''P. orientalis''
| 18.8
| 20.5
| 9.2
| 13.0
| 554
| 14.7
|-

| 3
| Tailed sandgrouse — ''P. alchata''
| 18.2
| 19.4
| 9.3
| 12.0
| 527
| 14.0
|-

| 4
| Saja — ''Saccharomyces paradoxus''
| 17.0
| 12.0
| 6.1
| 8.2
| 372
| 10.0
|-

| 5
| Desert warbler — ''S. nana''
| –
| 1.7
| 7.3
| 6.8
| 175
| 4.7
|-

| 6
| Grey shrike — ''L. excubitor''
| –
| 1.7
| 3.2
| 3.4
| 91
| 2.4
|-

| 7
| ''O. isabellina''
| 2.0
| 1.4
| 2.0
| 3.8
| 92
| 2.4
|-

| 8
| Crested lark — ''G. cristata''
| 0.5
| 1.9
| 4.1
| 1.8
| 81
| 2.1
|-

| 9
| Buzzard — ''B. rufinus''
| –
| 2.9
| 3.1
| 1.5
| 74
| 2.0
|-

| 10
| Buckskin reel — ''R. obsoleta''
| –
| –
| 6.8
| –
| 70
| 1.9
|-

| 11
| White wagtail — ''M. alba''
| 3.4
| 0.9
| 2.2
| 1.6
| 71
| 1.9
|-

| 12
| Sparrow — ''P. montanus''
| –
| 0.9
| 4.4
| 1.2
| 68
| 1.9
|-

| 13
| Desert wheatear — ''O. deserti''
| 1.7
| 0.5
| 1.5
| 3.0
| 67
| 1.8
|-

| 14
| ''E. bruniceps''
| –
| 1.0
| 2.5
| 1.0
| 48
| 1.4
|-

| 15
| Tugai nightingale — ''C. galactotes''
| –
| 0.9
| 3.6
| –
| 45
| 1.2
|-

| 16
| Stone curlew — ''Burhinus aedicnemus''
| 2.4
| 0.7
| –
| 0.4
| 25
| 0.7
|-

| 17
| House sparrow — ''P. domesticus''
| –
| –
| –
| 2.0
| 25
| 0.7
|-

| 18
| ''S. curruca''
| –
| –
| 2.0
| –
| 21
| 0.5
|-

| 19
| ''S. mystacea''
| –
| –
| 1.9
| –
| 20
| 0.5
|-

| 20
| Thick plover — ''C. leschenaultii''
| 3.2
| –
| –
| –
| 18
| 0.5
|-

| 21
| Caspian plover — ''C. asiaticus''
| 3.0
| –
| –
| –
| 17
| 0.4
|-

| 22
| Roller — ''C. garrulus''
| –
| –
| 1.6
| –
| 17
| 0.4
|-

| 23
| Green bee-eater — ''M. superciliosus''
| –
| –
| 1.6
| –
| 16
| 0.4
|-

| 24
| ''H. languida''
| –
| –
| 1.5
| –
| 15
| 0.4
|-

| 25
| ''O. finschii''
| –
| –
| –
| 1.1
| 14
| 0.4
|-

| 26
| Quail — ''C. coturnix''
| –
| 0.2
| 0.3
| 0.4
| 14
| 0.4
|-

| 27
| Cuckoo — ''C. canorus''
| –
| 0.3
| 0.8
| 0.2
| 13
| 0.3
|-

| 28
| Kestrel — ''F. tinnunculus''
| –
| –
| 1.2
| –
| 12
| 0.3
|-

| 29
| Wheatear — ''O. oenanthe''
| –
| 0.2
| –
| 0.8
| 12
| 0.3
|-

| 30
| Desert raven — ''C. ruficollis''
| –
| 0.5
| 0.5
| 0.2
| 11
| 0.3
|-

| 31
| Houbara bustard — ''O. undulata''
| 0.8
| 0.7
| –
| –
| 11
| 0.3
|-

| 32
| Ground jay — ''P. panderi''
| –
| –
| –
| 0.8
| 10
| 0.2
|-

| 33
| Shrike — ''L. phoenicuroides''
| –
| –
| 0.9
| –
| 9
| 0.2
|-

| 34
| Owlet — ''A. noctua''
| –
| 0.3
| 0.2
| 0.4
| 10
| 0.3
|-

| 35
| Common nighthawk — ''C. europaeus''
| –
| 0.2
| 0.3
| 0.3
| 9
| 0.2
|-

| 36
| Pied wheatear — ''O. pleschanka''
| –
| 0.2
| –
| 0.5
| 9
| 0.2
|-

| 37
| Magpie — ''P. pica''
| –
| –
| 0.8
| –
| 8
| 0.2
|-

| 38
| Common turtledove — ''S. turtur''
| –
| –
| 0.3
| 0.2
| 6
| 0.2
|-

| 39
| ''U. epops''
| –
| –
| 0.5
| –
| 5
| 0.1
|-

| 40
| Serpent eagle — ''C. gallicus''
| –
| –
| 0.3
| –
| 3
| 0.1
|}

Note: landscape names and generic species names are given in the [[#t0005|Table 1]] .

Given the lack of knowledge of the lifestyles of the multiple and species abundant groups of waterbirds in the Kyzyl Kum landscape, in 1987, 4-fold (IV–V and IX–X) surveys were performed on three selected water spates of artesian lakes ([[#t0015|Table 3]] ). Each observational tour was intended to identify the range of bird species in the given lake community, the number of members of each group, and the date of absence (departure) of each species.

<span id='t0015'></span>

{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 60%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|+

Table 3.

Seasonal aspect of occurrence (%) of some wetland waders on the spates of three artesian wells in Northern Kyzylkum (single data counts for 10–20 min in for each round of observation, 1987).

|-

! rowspan="2" | No.
! Points, approximate area of the bodies of water and dates survey
! colspan="4" | Donkazgan (3.5 ha)
! colspan="4" | Kamysty (3.0 ha)
! colspan="4" | Uchagach (1.5 ha)
! colspan="2" | Total of birds
|-

! Birds
! 12. IV
! 18. V
! 12. IX
! 5. X
! 19. IV
! 15. V
! 10. IX
! 3. X
! 20. IV
! 20. V
! 15. IX
! 10. X
! Abs
! %
|-

| 
| Birds counted in total
| 165
| 164
| 21
| 17
| 132
| 142
| 20
| 5
| 177
| 234
| 20
| 12
| 1109
| 
|-

| 1
| Red-necked phalarope — ''P. lobatus''
| 16.3
| 15.3
| 71.2
| 70.5
| 8.4
| 10.5
| 65.0
| 100
| 11.8
| 11.9
| 75.0
| 75.0
| 196
| 17.8
|-

| 2
| Sandpiper — ''T. ochropus''
| 18.1
| 12.8
| –
| –
| 18.9
| 16.0
| –
| –
| 16.5
| 15.8
| –
| –
| 169
| 15.2
|-

| 3
| Little ringed plover — ''C. dubius''
| 16.9
| 18.9
| 10.0
| –
| 11.3
| 11.9
| 5.0
| –
| 14.5
| 11.9
| 20.0
| –
| 149
| 13.5
|-

| 4
| Stint — ''C. minuta''
| 15.1
| 4.4
| –
| –
| 17.5
| 9.0
| 5.0
| –
| 15.8
| 13.7
| –
| –
| 128
| 11.5
|-

| 5
| Kentish plover — ''C. alexandrinus''
| 6.6
| 9.2
| –
| –
| 5.3
| 9.2
| 25.0
| –
| 10.0
| 9.0
| –
| –
| 90
| 8.2
|-

| 6
| Wood sandpiper — ''T. glareola''
| 8.4
| 10.3
| –
| –
| 5.3
| 6.3
| –
| –
| 6.2
| 6.5
| –
| –
| 73
| 6.6
|-

| 7
| White tailed lapwing — ''V. leucura''
| 2.4
| 7.3
| –
| –
| 6.0
| 7.0
| –
| –
| 9.0
| 8.5
| –
| –
| 70
| 6.3
|-

| 8
| Stilt — ''H. himantopus''
| 6.0
| 7.3
| –
| –
| 4.5
| 5.6
| –
| –
| 2.2
| 7.7
| –
| –
| 58
| 5.2
|-

| 9
| Snipe — ''G. gallinago''
| 1.2
| 3.0
| 9.4
| 14.0
| 2.2
| 2.1
| –
| –
| 1.7
| 1.7
| 5.0
| 25.0
| 29
| 2.6
|-

| 10
| Redshank — ''T. totanus''
| 1.8
| 3.0
| –
| –
| 3.8
| 4.9
| –
| –
| 2.2
| 1.5
| –
| –
| 27
| 2.4
|-

| 11
| Ruff — ''P. pugnax''
| –
| 3.0
| 9.4
| –
| 2.3
| 2.1
| –
| –
| –
| 6.4
| –
| –
| 26
| 2.3
|-

| 12
| Curlew — ''C. ferruginea''
| 1.8
| 1.2
| –
| –
| 2.3
| 3.5
| –
| –
| 2.8
| 1.7
| –
| –
| 22
| 2.0
|-

| 13
| Greenshank — ''T. nebularia''
| 1.2
| 1.8
| –
| –
| 2.2
| 2.8
| –
| –
| 2.8
| 0.8
| –
| –
| 19
| 1.7
|-

| 14
| Marsh sandpiper — ''T. stagnatilis''
| 1.2
| –
| –
| –
| 2.3
| 3.5
| –
| –
| 1.7
| 1.3
| –
| –
| 16
| 1.4
|-

| 15
| Fiddler — ''T. hypoleucos''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 3.8
| –
| –
| –
| 1.1
| 0.8
| –
| –
| 9
| 0.8
|-

| 16
| Terek — ''T. cinerea''
| 0.6
| 2.5
| –
| –
| 1.7
| 0.7
| –
| –
| –
| 0.4
| –
| –
| 9
| 0.8
|-

| 17
| Godwit — ''L. limosa''
| 1.8
| –
| –
| –
| 1.5
| –
| –
| –
| 1.7
| –
| –
| –
| 8
| 0.7
|-

| 18
| Sandpiper — ''C. mauri''
| –
| –
| –
| 15.5
| –
| 3.5
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 6
| 0.5
|-

| 19
| Turnstone — ''A. interpres''
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 1.4
| –
| –
| –
| 0.4
| –
| –
| 3
| 0.3
|-

| 20
| Curlew — ''N. arquata''
| 0.6
| –
| –
| –
| 0.7
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| 2
| 0.2
|}

Note: the generic names of birds are given in [[#t0005|Table 1]] .

Among the 20 species of this particular group, only eight dominated in terms of occurrence (5 to 17.8% of observed species) ([[#t0015|Table 3]] ). All bird species fly away from reservoirs of Kyzyl Kum in the beginning of September except the red-necked phalarope and the snipe. A small number of little ring and Kentish plovers and, occasionally, little stint were observed through the beginning of October.      

==References==

<ol style='list-style-type: none;margin-left: 0px;'><li><span id='bb0005'></span>
[[#bb0005|Bogdanov, 1882]] M.N. Bogdanov; Essays on the Nature of the Khiva Oasis and the Kyzyl Kum Desert;  (1882) (Tashkent)</li>
<li><span id='bb0020'></span>
[[#bb0020|Kovshar, 2000a]] A.F. Kovshar; Bird watching in the Nordic Kyzylkums in spring of 1984; Selevinia. Kazakhstan Zool. J., I-4 (2000), pp. 110–124</li>
<li><span id='bb0025'></span>
[[#bb0025|Kovshar, 2000b]] V.A. Kovshar; Observations of birds Syrdarya delta and adjacent portions of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea in August 2000; Selevinia. Kazakhstan Zool. J., I-4 (2000), pp. 104–110</li>
<li><span id='bb0030'></span>
[[#bb0030|Sabilaev, 2002a]] A.S. Sabilaev; On the reproduction of some species of birds in the Northwest Kyzylkums; Abstracts of International Conference “Zool. Research in Kazakhstan: Contemporary Condition and Prospects”, Almaty, March 19–21 (2002), pp. 154–156 a</li>
<li><span id='bb0035'></span>
[[#bb0035|Sabilaev, 2002b]] A.S. Sabilaev; Reproduction of gray shrike (''Lanius excubitor'' ) in the Northwest Kyzylkums, Ustyurt and Balkhash                                        ; Abstracts of International Conference “Zool. research in Kazakhstan: contemporary condition and prospects”, Almaty, March 19–21 (2002), pp. 156–157 (b)</li>
<li><span id='bb0040'></span>
[[#bb0040|Sabilaev, 2009]] A.S. Sabilaev; Desert sparrow (''Passer simplex'' ) in the Nordic Kyzylkums and breeding of this bird in the hollow                                        ; Zool. Zh., 88 (3) (2009), p. 384</li>
<li><span id='bb0045'></span>
[[#bb0045|Sabilaev, 2012a]] A.S. Sabilaev; Observations of the desert nesting warblers (''Sylvia nana'' ) in the Northwest Kyzylkums                                        ; Materials of the International Scientific Conference “Fauna of Kazakhstan and Adjacent Territories” Dedicated to 80th Anniversary of Institute of Zoology RK, November 22–23, 2012, Almaty (2012), pp. 306–307 (a)</li>
<li><span id='bb0050'></span>
[[#bb0050|Sabilaev, 2012b]] A.S. Sabilaev; Features of the quantitative distribution of the joint population of three species of grouse: black- (''Pterocles orientalis'' ), white-bellied (''P. alchata'' ) and Sadzhi (''Syrrhaptes paradoxus'' ) in the Kyzyl Kum desert                                        ; Materials of the International Scientific Conference “Fauna of Kazakhstan and Adjacent Territories” Dedicated to 80th Anniversary of Institute of Zoology RK, November 22–23, 2012, Almaty (2012), pp. 309–311 (b)</li>
<li><span id='bb0055'></span>
[[#bb0055|Severtsev, 1873]] N.A. Severtsev; Vertical and horizontal distribution of Turkestan animals/news of society of fans of natural sciences; Anthropol. Ethnogr., 8 (2) (1873), pp. 1–157</li>
<li><span id='bb0065'></span>
[[#bb0065|Spangenberg, 1941]] E.P. Spangenberg; Birds of the lower Syr Darya and the surrounding areas; Collection of Papers of the Zoological Museum of MSU, 6 (1941), pp. 77–140</li>
<li><span id='bb0060'></span>
[[#bb0060|Spangenberg and Feigin, 1930]] E.P. Spangenberg, G.A. Feigin; New data on the avifauna of the Kyzyl Kum desert; Reports of Assoc. Math. Scientific Inst. of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Moscow State University, 3 (1930), pp. 10–38 (1-a)</li>
<li><span id='bb0015'></span>
[[#bb0015|Zahidov, 1971]] T.Z. Zahidov; Biocenosis of the Kyzyl Kum Desert (Ecological Experience — Faunal Analysis and Synthesis); Fan, Tashkent (1971)</li>
<li><span id='bb0010'></span>
[[#bb0010|Zarudny, 1914]] N.A. Zarudny; Birds of the Kyzyl Kum Desert; Materials to fauna and flora knowledge, Moscow (1914)</li>
</ol>