A Protected Landmark Monument: Reinforcement, Rehabilitation, and Restoration of the Cathedral Basilica of Manizales

== Abstract ==

The Cathedral Basilica of Manizales is one of the most representative buildings of the 
so-called "republican architecture", boosted in a remarkable and singular way after the fires of 
the 1920s in the city of Manizales, Colombia. Its "eclectic neo-gothic" design was made in Paris, 
after the fire that destroyed the city's previous cathedral in 1926. This masterpiece of Colombian 
architecture  turned  ninety  years  old  in  2018  after  the  first  stone  was  laid  in  1928.  Its  
construction  was  carried  out  in  "reinforced  cement";  few  decades  after  the  appearance  of  
reinforced concrete. During its ninety years, the cathedral suffered earthquakes of high intensity, 
in  1938,  1962  and  1979,  which  have  significantly  compromised  its  structure.  Earthquake-
resistant  rehabilitation  studies to  preserve  the  temple,  declared a  National Monument in 1984,
were promoted at the end of the 1990s. They were the diagnosis of the structural conditions of 
seismic  vulnerability  and  how  it  could  be  provided  a  greater  capacity  of  response  in  terms of  stiffness, resistance and dissipation of energy, as well as the diagnosis of the state and pathology of the materials. This included geotechnical studies of seismic amplification, dynamic behavior using  environmental  vibrations,  3D  virtual  modeling,  and  structural  analysis,  even  with  finite  elements. For the reinforcement, the intervention of the base of the central spire was proposed, the  control  of  the  stability  of  the  four  corner  spires,  the  construction  of  new  structural  walls  joined in strategic points; founded in caissons and connected to each other in the upper level to guarantee  the  action  of  the  diaphragm  and  a  better  seismic  behavior  of  the  structure.  The  interventions to improve the seismic resistance of the cathedral were carried out between 2002 and 2004. The treatment and protection of the concrete and other necessary interventions of its sculptures and images were carried out between 2016 and 2017. The objective of this document is  to  describe  how  a  new  generation  of  local  specialists  have  studied  andproposed,  for  this  temple  of  113  meters  high,  its  seismic  reinforcement,  the  treatment  of  its  materials  and  other  necessary  protection  interventions,  in  accordance  with  the  state  of  the  art  of  earthquake  engineering, design, and construction of RC structures and the protection of historical heritage.

== Full document ==
<pdf>Media:Draft_Content_991781932p818.pdf</pdf>
== References ==

[1]  Cardona  O.D.,  García-Reyes,  L.E.,  Aycardi,  L.G.,  and  Esguerra,  J.E.,  Ocampo,  J.G.,  Zambrano,  J.,  Arcila,  C.A.,  Correal,  J.F.,  Jaramillo,  J.D.,  Estrata,  W.,  Sarmiento,  J.M., Prieto,  S.D.  Proyecto  Integral  de  Diagnóstico  y  Diseño  del  Reforzamiento  Estructural,  1997-1999,  Departamento  de  Caldas,  Subdirección  de  Monumentos,  INVIAS,  (1999). Manizales.  

[2]  Prieto, S.D., Estrada, J., Botero, J.B. Construcción del Reforzamiento Estructural  Sismorresistente,  2002-2004,  Aquaterra,  S.A.,  Caseven,  Ltda.,  Fundación  Amor  por  la   Catedral Basílica de Manizales, Municipio de Manizales, Findeter. (2004). Manizales.  

[3]  Arcila, C.A. Evaluación detallada de la patología del concreto. (2013). Manizales.  

[4]  Londoño, J.I., Muñoz, J.F., Vallejo, L.G., Estrada, H., Mejía, E., Bermúdez, J.M.,  Cardenas, D.C., Flórez J.F., Serpa, E., Parra, C.R., Reparación y Mantenimiento,  Conservación y Restitución de Esculturas, 2016-2017. Arquidiócesis de Manizales,  Diprecón, Ministerio de Cultura - Dirección de Patrimonio, (2017). Manizales.  

[5]  Cardona, O.D. Protegiendo nuestro patrimonio. Estudios de vulnerabilidad y  reforzamiento estructural: Catedral Basílica de Manizales Noticreto (2000) 55:59-65.    

[6]  Cardona,  O.D.  and  Prieto.  S.D.  Protección  de  un  monumento  emblemático.  Refuerzo, rehabilitación y restauración de la Catedral de Manizales Noticreto (2019) 154:10-15.