A new mechanical structural damage feature index based on HHT



<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<big>'''A new structural damage feature index based on HHT'''</big></div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
Lin Hua<big>*</big>,  Fusheng Wang,  Zhufeng Yue</div>

Department of Engineering Mechanics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi′an 710129, China

*Corresponding author: [mailto:xgdpingguo@163.com xgdpingguo@163.com] [email of the corresponding author]

Tel.:+86-29-88431002; fax: +86-29-88431002 [Tel./fax of the corresponding author]

'''Abstract'''

A new damage feature index is presented for the structural health monitoring based on Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The energy marginal spectrum of the dynamic signal is used to construct damage characteristic parameter, which can reflect the signal energy variation and benefit the structural damage detection. A sinusoidal wave with frequency change and a composite plate vibration experiment with pre-defined damage are designed to verify the effectiveness of characteristic parameter in damage detection. Results obtained from simulation and test show that the extracted non-model-based damage feature index is available and sensitive in damage detection of time-varying system.

''Keywords:'' Damage detection; Signal energy variation; HHT; Composites; FBG sensor

==1.  Introduction==

Structural damage induces the change of structural mechanical properties which can affect the stability and lifetime of structures in service. This is why the structural health monitoring (SHM) technology, especially for the critical unit in structure with large scale, has attracted an increasing attention in recent years. In addition, the composites need to pay more attention since the structures are extensively used in engineering field while prone to be damaged [1].

Damage detection technology is the major part in SHM which can early warn in the initial damage condition to avoid failure of structure, in which the signal processing method is playing an increasingly important role. Among the signal processing methods, the wavelet transform [2-4] and the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT)[5, 6] are the most typical representatives. W.L. Bayissa [7] developed a structural damage method based on energy density function using wavelet transform. However, the wavelet transform relies on the choice of wavelet transform which limits the application in engineering.

HHT is composed of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert transform. Compared with the Fourier transform and the wavelet transform, EMD in HHT does not need prior functions [8]. Owing to the adaptive nature, HHT can be used in analyzing nonlinear and non-stationary signals [9]. R. Jha [10] processed a multi-level structural health monitoring based on HHT and succeeded in detecting and locating the damage. C.X. Bao [11] improved the HHT algorithm to identify the time-varying systems. The results of simulation and composite beam test showed that the improved algorithm was effective for the analysis of nonlinear signals. M. Bransch [12] calculated elastic-plastic building ground deformations and failure based on FEM, nonlinear HHT-alpha method and scaled boundary FEM. Pines [13] used the empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert phase information to detect structural damage which is proved to be feasible. Through the scholars’ achievements, signal processing methods based on HHT and improved HHT show that HHT has broad prospects whether in system detection [14] or in structural damage detection [15-18]. However, there still remains great potential of HHT in SHM.

In parallel with the damage detection in SHM, the data acquisition system and experiment system [19] are also important. N. Roveri [20] performed the structural health monitoring of railway track and train wheels with the help of a FBG(Fiber Bragg grating) sensor array system. Z. Xia [21] investigated a multi-agent system based SHM to achieve the compatibility of different kinds of sensors in monitoring of large scale engineering structures. K. Masayuki [22] evaluated the feasibility of outside strain monitoring method by finite element analyses and experiments. With the advantage of high sensitivity and accuracy, FBG sensor has more and more extensive application in experiment systems and SHM of large-span structures.

HHT is employed here to get the energy marginal spectrum of signal which can reflect the change of structural mechanical properties. A new damage characteristic parameter is constructed based on the energy marginal spectrum. To verify the proposed damage feature index, it is applied in processing a sinusoidal wave signal with frequency change and identifying pre-defined damage in composite plate vibration experiment. Meanwhile, FBG sensors are used in composites experiment to collect the acceleration data. It is proved that the constructed damage feature index is effective and reliable for detecting structural damage of composites.

==2.  The Hilbert-Huang Transform==

The HHT method is introduced here in which the concept of instantaneous frequency is applied. According to this theory, any arbitrary time series are composed of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are different with each other, simple and non-sine. Through the empirical mode decomposition (EMD), an intricate time series can be decomposed into several basic time series from high frequency to low frequency, termed IMFs. After the IMFs of Hilbert transforming, the time-frequency spectrum of original signal is got and the analysis in time domain can proceed. To make sure the above process progress smoothly, each IMF have to satisfy the following conditions: first, the number of extremum and zero-crossings of signal can differ by no more than one; second, the mean value of the upper and lower envelopes defined by the local maxima and the local minima should be zero at any point.

The EMD method is the first step of HHT to decompose non-stationary signal. For a given time series <math display="inline">x(t)</math>, the process of EMD is introduced as follows. (a)All local extremums are detected firstly, and produce the upper envelope <math display="inline">{x}_{max}</math> and the lower envelope <math display="inline">{x}_{min}</math> by spline approximations using the local maxima and the local minima; (b)obtain <math display="inline">{h}_{1}=</math><math>x\left( t\right) -({x}_{max}+{x}_{min})/2</math>, and restart the process by replacing <math display="inline">{h}_{1}</math> with the original signal if <math display="inline">{h}_{1}</math> does not meet the above IMF criteria; (c) if <math display="inline">{h}_{1}</math> is an IMF, regard <math display="inline">{r=x\left( t\right) -h}_{1}</math> as a new <math display="inline">x(t)</math> and repeat the previous steps till <math display="inline">r</math> becomes a monotonic function or cannot decompose into another IMF any more. Based on the decomposition of the original signal so far, <math display="inline">x(t)</math> can be expressed as Eq.(1).

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">x\left( t\right) =\sum _{i=1}^{n}{h}_{i}+r</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (1)
|}

Here <math display="inline">\sum _{i=1}^{n}{h}_{i}</math> is the sum of all IMFs, and <math display="inline">r</math> is the residual component. The IMF expresses a simple oscillation style relative to the harmonic function, which is more general.

After the EMD of <math display="inline">x(t)</math>, Hilbert Transform(HT) is the next step. The HT of <math display="inline">x(t)</math> is defined as

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">y\left( t\right) =\frac{1}{\pi }\P\int_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{x(\tau )}{t-\tau }{d}_{\tau }</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2)
|}

Then the analytical signal is obtained

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">z\left( t\right) =x(t)+iy(t)=A(t){e}^{i\theta (t)}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3)
|}

in which <math display="inline">A(t)</math> is the instantaneous amplitude and <math display="inline">\theta (t)</math> is the phase angle as shown in Eq.(4-5).

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">A\left( t\right) =\sqrt{{x}^{2}\left( t\right) +{y}^{2}(t)}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4)
|}

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">\theta \left( t\right) =\mathrm{arctan}\,\left( \frac{y(t)}{x(t)}\right)</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (5)
|}

The instantaneous frequency is defined as

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">\omega \left( t\right) =\frac{d\theta (t)}{dt}</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (6)
|}

Intuitively, the instantaneous frequency is the differential coefficient of the phase of an analytic signal. The signal is decomposed to the components with local symmetric firstly to get the right instantaneous frequency in HHT.

Through applying the Hilbert transform to each IMF component, the Hilbert amplitude spectrum is designated as

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">H\left( \omega ,t\right) =Re\sum _{j=1}^{n}{A}_{j}(t)\mathrm{exp}\,(i\int_{}^{}{\omega }_{j}(t)dt)</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (7)
|}

which represents the time-frequency distribution of the amplitude of signal. The instantaneous frequency can also be computed according to Eq. (6). Also, the Hilbert marginal spectrum is defined as

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">h\left( \omega \right) =\int_{0}^{T}H(\omega ,t)dt</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (8)
|}

and the energy marginal spectrum is

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">E\left( \omega \right) =\int_{0}^{T}{H}^{2}(\omega ,t)dt</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (9)
|}

Compared with the Fourier expansion, the HHT marginal spectrum represents the distribution of signal components in different frequencies. The spectrum value of amplitude and the energy of signal in each frequency band are <math display="inline">h\left( {\omega }_{i}\right)</math>  and <math display="inline">E\left( {\omega }_{i}\right)</math> , <math display="inline">i=</math><math>1,n</math>, respectively.

<span id='OLE_LINK1'></span><span id='OLE_LINK2'></span>

==3.  Damage detection method==

Whether the structure is damaged or not can be reflected by the change of response energy in different states. Compared with the amplitude of signal in marginal spectrum, the energy marginal spectrum magnifies the change of response energy generated by structural damage, which is more favorable for the small damage detection.

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;" 
|-
| 
{| style="text-align: center; margin:auto;" 
|-
| <math display="inline">V=\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left| \frac{{E}^{u}\left( {\omega }_{i}\right) -{E}^{d}\left( {\omega }_{i}\right) }{\mathrm{max}\,[{E}^{u}\left( {\omega }_{i}\right) ]}\right| \times 100\%</math>
|}
| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (10)
|}

In which <math display="inline">{E}^{u}\left( {\omega }_{i}\right)</math>  and <math display="inline">{E}^{d}\left( {\omega }_{i}\right)</math>  are the Hilbert energy of dynamic signal before and after the structure are damaged, respectively. Through Eq. (10), we can see that there is no change before and after the signal energy when the value of <math display="inline">V</math> is 0, which means that structural damage is nonexistent. However, the structural damage occurred when the value does not equal to 0. The bigger value means the greater difference between the signal energy of intact and testing structure, and the damage is more likely to happen. So the structural damage can be indicated by the value of signal energy.

==4. Numerical simulation==

In this simulation, a 10s sinusoidal wave with a sudden frequency change at 5s from 1Hz to 1.1Hz is analyzed. Through EMD, the original signal is resolved into 4 IMFs and residue. Original signal and IMFs are shown in Fig. 1. The instantaneous frequency of IMFs and Hilbert spectrum are obtained and given in Figs. 2～3 through HT. As shown in Fig. 2, the frequency shift at 5s can be directly captured from instantaneous frequency of the first IMF while the shifts of other IMFs are not obvious. The change of amplitude in Hilbert spectrum also reflects the frequency shift of signal at 5s.

After the Hilbert energy is obtained, the value of signal energy can be calculated through Eq.10 by comparing two signals in different conditions. In the first case, the original signal is divided into two parts, which is the signal of front 5s and last 5s, respectively. The value of <math display="inline">V</math> is 9.23%, which means that the signal parameter of last

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image2-c.jpeg|510px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 1''' Original sine wave and IMFs</div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image3-c.png|510px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 2''' Instantaneous frequency of the IMFs</div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image4-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

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'''Fig. 3''' Hilbert spectrum </div>

5s has changed compared with the signal of front 5s.In the second case, the 10s signal of 1Hz is compared with the original signal. In this condition the value of <math display="inline">V</math> is 3.7%, which also means that the character of two signals is different and structural damage occurs. 

==5.  Experimental verification==

In Section 4, the parameter based on HHT was used to identify the change of a sinusoidal wave which was proved to be effective. To test the structural damage detection method, a vibration experiment of composite plate was designed and performed.

<span id='_GoBack'></span>Composite material used in test was T300/QY8911 and the material property is shown in Table 1. The thickness of single layer was 0.18mm and stacking sequence of composite laminates was <math display="inline">{[45/-45/0/-45/45/0]}_{S}</math>. One side of the 200&#x00d7;200&#x00d7;2.16mm<sup>3</sup> composite plate was clamped to vibrating table. There were two symmetrical isosceles triangular breaches near the clamped end. The acceleration of vibrating table was 4g and the frequency of vibration was 74Hz.

Table 1

Material properties of T300/QY8911 (MPa)

{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;" 
|-
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{XX}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{YY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{ZZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{XY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{XZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{YZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{XY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{XZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{YZ}</math>
|-
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|135000
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8800
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8800
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4470
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4470
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3200
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.33
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.33
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.48
|}

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">

{|
|-
|
| [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image5-c.jpeg|center|600px]]
|}
</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 4''' Composite plate with pre-defined damage</div>

As shown in Fig. 4, a crack in one breach was made to be pre-defined damage. Structural damage was detected and located by comparing the signal of damaged structure with the intact one. The sample frequency was 1000Hz. Acceleration sensors were distributed as shown in Fig. 5. The wavelengths of FBG sensors are 1541nm, 1555nm, 1538nm and 1558nm, respectively.

 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image6.png|600px]]

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 5''' Sensor set and damage location</div>

Taking the acceleration data of sensor 4 for example, HHT is employed in signal processing of intact structure and damaged one. The results of 0.5s signal in two cases are plotted in Figs. 6～9. As shown in Fig. 6, two original signals were decomposed into 4 IMFs respectively. From the instantaneous frequency given in Fig. 7, it can be found that there is a little end-effect around boundary area in IMF of low frequency which is ignorable since the energy of these frequencies is quite low. It is hard to find the difference between the two HHT spectrums from Fig. 8. The marginal energy of intact laminate ranges from 40Hz to 100Hz, while the damaged one ranges from 50Hz to 100Hz are shown in Fig. 9.

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image7-c.jpeg|504px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. IMFs of intact laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image8-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
b. IMFs of damaged laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 6''' EMD results of structural signals</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image9-c.gif|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. Instantaneous frequency of intact laminate   </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image10-c.gif|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
b. Instantaneous frequency of damaged laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 7''' Instantaneous frequency of structural signals</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image11-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. HHT spectrum of intact laminate       </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image12-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
b. HHT spectrum of damaged laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 8''' HHT spectrum of structural signals</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image13-c.gif|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. Energy marginal spectrum of intact laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image14-c.gif|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
b. Energy marginal spectrum of damaged laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 9''' Energy marginal spectrum of structural signals</div>

Based on Eq. (10), the change of signal energy can be obtained as 6.63%. Since <math display="inline">V</math> of sensor 4 signal is greater than 0, structural damage has occurred. However, the location of damage has not been captured yet. <math display="inline">V</math> of structural signals are shown in Table 2. From comparing the change of signal energy, <math display="inline">V</math> of sensor 3 signal is bigger which means that the structural damage is more likely to happen around this sensor. The damage detection results are in consistent with the pre-defined damage condition.

Table 1
Material properties of T300/QY8911 (MPa)

{| style="width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;" 
|-
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{XX}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{YY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{E}_{ZZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{XY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{XZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{G}_{YZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{XY}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{XZ}</math>
|  style="border-top: 1pt solid black;border-left: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"| <math>{v}_{YZ}</math>
|-
|  style="border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|135000
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8800
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|8800
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4470
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|4470
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|3200
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.33
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;border-right: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.33
|  style="border-left: 1pt solid black;border-bottom: 1pt solid black;text-align: center;"|0.48
|}

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">

{|
|-
|
| [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image5-c.jpeg|center|600px]]
|}
</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 4''' Composite plate with pre-defined damage</div>

As shown in Fig. 4, a crack in one breach was made to be pre-defined damage. Structural damage was detected and located by comparing the signal of damaged structure with the intact one. The sample frequency was 1000Hz. Acceleration sensors were distributed as shown in Fig. 5. The wavelengths of FBG sensors are 1541nm, 1555nm, 1538nm and 1558nm, respectively.

 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image6.png|600px]]

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 5''' Sensor set and damage location</div>

Taking the acceleration data of sensor 4 for example, HHT is employed in signal processing of intact structure and damaged one. The results of 0.5s signal in two cases are plotted in Figs. 6～9. As shown in Fig. 6, two original signals were decomposed into 4 IMFs respectively. From the instantaneous frequency given in Fig. 7, it can be found that there is a little end-effect around boundary area in IMF of low frequency which is ignorable since the energy of these frequencies is quite low. It is hard to find the difference between the two HHT spectrums from Fig. 8. The marginal energy of intact laminate ranges from 40Hz to 100Hz, while the damaged one ranges from 50Hz to 100Hz are shown in Fig. 9.

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image7-c.jpeg|504px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. IMFs of intact laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image8-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
b. IMFs of damaged laminate</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
'''Fig. 6''' EMD results of structural signals</div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image9-c.gif|498px]] </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
a. Instantaneous frequency of intact laminate   </div>

<div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image10-c.gif|498px]] </div>

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b. Instantaneous frequency of damaged laminate</div>

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'''Fig. 7''' Instantaneous frequency of structural signals</div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image11-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

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a. HHT spectrum of intact laminate       </div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image12-c.jpeg|498px]] </div>

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b. HHT spectrum of damaged laminate</div>

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'''Fig. 8''' HHT spectrum of structural signals</div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image13-c.gif|498px]] </div>

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a. Energy marginal spectrum of intact laminate</div>

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 [[Image:draft_Hua_323164655-image14-c.gif|498px]] </div>

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b. Energy marginal spectrum of damaged laminate</div>

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'''Fig. 9''' Energy marginal spectrum of structural signals</div>

Based on Eq. (10), the change of signal energy can be obtained as 6.63%. Since <math display="inline">V</math> of sensor 4 signal is greater than 0, structural damage has occurred. However, the location of damage has not been captured yet. <math display="inline">V</math> of structural signals are shown in Table 2. From comparing the change of signal energy, <math display="inline">V</math> of sensor 3 signal is bigger which means that the structural damage is more likely to happen around this sensor. The damage detection results are in consistent with the pre-defined damage condition.

==6.  Conclusions==

The Hilbert-Huang transformation is an effective method for analyzing nonlinear and non-stationary signal. A new structural damage detection parameter based on the Hilbert-Huang transformation is developed here. The damage characteristic value obtained from Hilbert energy spectrum is used to identify structural damage in a sinusoidal wave with a sudden frequency change and a composite plate with pre-defined damage. The change of signal energy is got through comparing the signal energy of intact and damaged structural which can implement the detection and localization of structural damage. Through the results of simulation and experiment, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) the Hilbert spectrum energy can reflect the distribution of signal energy and the constructed structural damage feature index can be used in identifying structural damage and localizing the damage; 2) signal energy variation is sensitive to identify small damage without specific structural parameter which satisfies the requirement of structural health monitoring of dynamic and real-time system; 3) the size of FBG acceleration sensor used in composites vibration test is quite relative to test sample, which can be substituted by sensor with smaller volume in future research such as strain sensor. After the detection and localization of structural damage, the assessment of damage level is the future goal. Meanwhile, this parameter needs to be further improved which includes eliminating the end-effect in EMD.

==Acknowledgements==

This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No: 51475369).

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