==Reliable iterative techniques for solving the KS equation arising in fluid flow ==

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==Abstract==

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In this study, we examine the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation which is a nonlinear model that describes several physical and chemical events arising in fluid flow. The approximate analytical solution for the fractional KS (FKS) problem is calculated using the Temimi-Ansari method (TAM) and the natural decomposition method (NDM). The projected procedure (NDM) combines the adomian decomposition method with the natural transform. Each technique can deal with nonlinear terms without making any assumptions. The methodologies under consideration provide <math>\omega _{n}</math>-curves that display the convergence window of the power series solution that approaches the exact solution. We explore two distinct examples to confirm the efficiency and applicability of the proposed strategies. The acquired outcomes are compared numerically with the q-homotopy analysis transform method (q-HATM). The numerical investigation is carried out to validate the precision and dependability of the approaches under consideration. Additionally, the nature of the outcomes gained has been displayed in a different order. The obtained results show that the proposed techniques are highly efficient and simple to use to analyze the behavior of other nonlinear models.

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'''Keywords:''' Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation; Laplace transform; Natural decomposition method (NDM); Temimi-Ansari method (TAM).

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==1 Introduction==

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Since nearly three centuries ago, fractional calculus has always been considered a purely mathematical problem [1-3]. Despite having a long history, it was not utilized in both engineering and physics for an extended period of time. In recent decades, fractional calculus has attracted growing interest from a practical perspective among scientists [4-6]. In the disciplines of continuous-time simulation, numerous experts have noted that fractional derivatives are useful for describing linear viscoelasticity, rheology, acoustics, polymerization chemistry, etc. In addition, fractional derivatives have proven to be a useful instrument for describing the memory and inherited properties of diverse substances and procedures. The mathematical principles and practical implications of these operators are currently well-developed, and their applicability to the fields of science and engineering is viewed as a topic of interest. In physics, chemistry, and engineering [7-8], fractional derivatives have appeared in equations used to characterize dynamical processes; consequently, fractional-order differential equations (FDEs) are the subject of an increasing number of studies.

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Gregory I. Sivashinsky measured the situation of a laminar flaming front in 1977. When Yoshiki Kuramoto simultaneously designed diffusion-induced chaos in a three-dimensional simulation of the Belousov-Zabotinskii transformation [10-13], he created a certain problem. The result of their collaboration is known as the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) model. This system describes the variations in the orientation of the combustion front, the flow of a liquid down a circular surface, and a dynamically specific oscillating of chemical compounds in a fluid that is homogeneous [14-16]. It creates chaotic behavior and necessitates a result resembling waves traveling in a finite space domain without changing scale. That has numerous implementations in a variety of concepts, such as response diffusion systems [17], thin film hydrodynamics [18], and front burn instability [19], as well as lengthy waves on functionality in a few noxious fluids [20].

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The general Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation (fractional Kuramoto-Sivashisky equation) is:

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega{+\omega}\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\alpha \frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\gamma \frac{\partial ^{3}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{3}}+\eta \frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}=0,\quad 0<\mu \leq{1},\quad \vartheta \in [a,b],\quad \iota{>0.} </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (1)

|}

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When <math display="inline">\alpha =\eta=1</math> and <math display="inline">\gamma=0</math>, the equation proceeds to the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation [9], which was developed by Kuramoto and Sivashinsky during their investigation of phase turbulence in the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction. The Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation is a fourth-order nonlinear partial differential equation that plays a significant role in the study of fluid dynamics, combustion, and other areas of physics and mathematics.

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Due to its wide range of applications, it has garnered a great deal of interest in the search for analytical and numerical solutions. Thus, the solutions of the KS equation have been accomplished through a variety of techniques, such as the finite difference method [21-22], the Exponential Cubic BSpline Collocation Method [23], the Subequation Method [24], the Adomian Decomposition Method [25-26], the Double Reduction Theory [27], the Modified Kudrayshov Method [28], the Expfunction Method [29], the q-homotopy analysis transform method [30], the homotopy analysis method [31-32], a semianalytical method [33], the Reduced Differential Transform Method [34], and numerous other techniques.

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In this current research, two methods for solving the fractional Kuramoto-Sivashisky equation were implemented. The first method is a semi-analytical iterative method. Temimi and Ansari have proposed this method, namely the TAM. They have lately presented this method to solve linear and nonlinear ODEs and PDEs [35-36]. Recent applications of this iterative method have yielded exact and approximate solutions to several problems. As opposed to the VIM, the TAM doesn't require any restricted hypotheses for non-linear terms, such as the ADM, the prerequisite for the referred to as Adomian polynomial, thereby averting extensive computational work and requiring no additional parameters. In addition, it avoided homotopy construction and the solution of the corresponding equations for algebra, as in HPM.  

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The second method is the fractional natural decomposition method (FNDM) Rawashdeh and Maitama [37] propose this method using ADM and natural transform (NT). The method under consideration is a combination of an effective system and a natural transform, which may decrease massive computation while increasing reliability. In addition, the contemplated scheme necessitates no linearization, discretization, and transforming of partial to ordinary differential equations, or physical parameter assumptions. This allows nonlinear and complex issues to be solved with a straightforward procedure. Numerous authors have utilized it to analyze and discover solutions to numerous real-world problems.

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==2 Preliminaries to FC==

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Here, the fundamental definition of Natural transform (NT) and FC are presented [38-39]

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===Definition 1===

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The Riemann-Liouville integral of a function <math display="inline">f(\iota )\in C_{\delta }(\delta \geq{-1)}</math> having fractional order <math display="inline">(\sigma{>0)}</math> is presented as follows

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>J^{\sigma }f(\iota )=\frac{1}{\Gamma (\sigma )}\int _{0}^{\iota }(\iota{-\upsilon})^{\sigma{-1}}f(\upsilon )d\upsilon{.} </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (2)

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===Definition 2 ===

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The Caputo fractional order derivative of <math display="inline">f\in C_{-1}^{n}</math> is presented as

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\sigma }=\begin{cases}\frac{d^{n}f(\iota )}{d\iota ^{n}},\left(\sigma =n\in N\right),\\ \frac{1}{\Gamma (n-\sigma )}\int _{0}^{\iota }(\iota{-\upsilon})^{(n-\sigma{-1)}}f^{(n)}(\upsilon )d\upsilon ,\left((n-1)<\sigma{<}n,n\in N\right.). \end{cases} </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (3)

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===Definition 3===

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The natural transform of <math display="inline">g(\iota )</math> is defined as [40-41]

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>N^{+}[g(\iota )]=Q(s,u)=\frac{1}{u}\int _{0}^{\infty}e ^{\frac{-s\iota }{u}}g(\iota )d(\iota );s,\iota{>0}, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (4)

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where <math display="inline">s</math> and <math display="inline">u</math> are the transform variables.

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The inverse natural transform of a function is defined by

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>N^{-}[Q(s,u)]=g(\iota )=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int _{p-i\infty}^{p+i\infty}e ^{\frac{-s\iota }{u}}Q(s,u)d(s), </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (5)

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where <math display="inline">s</math> and <math display="inline">u</math> are the natural transform variables and <math display="inline">p</math> is a real constant and the integral is taken along <math display="inline">s=p</math> in the complex plane  <math display="inline">s=\vartheta{+}iy</math>.

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===Definition 4===

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Natural Transform of nth derivative If <math display="inline">g^{(n)}(\iota )</math> is the nth derivative of function <math display="inline">g(\iota )</math> is given by,

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>N[g^{(n)}(\iota )]=Q_{n}(s,u)=\frac{s^{n}}{u^{n}}Q(s,u)-\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{s^{n-(k+1)}}{u^{n-k}}g^{(k)}(0),n\geq{1.} </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (6)

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==3 The fundamental ideas of two iterative approaches==

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An algorithm known as the iterative technique produces a series of improved approximations to a set of issues. When the appropriate sequence is converging at some specified initial approximations, the iterative approach produces an approximate solution that converges to the exact solution.

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===3.1 Basic Procedure for the fractional TAM ===

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The general nonlinear fractional partial differential equation is a mathematical equation that may be used to represent the essential concepts of the suggested technique as

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<span id="eq-7"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right)+\Phi \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right) =  w(\vartheta ,\iota ),\;n-1<\sigma \leq n, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (7)

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combined with the independent variable <math display="inline">\vartheta </math>, dependent variable <math display="inline">\iota </math>, unknown function <math display="inline">\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )</math> and boundary conditions

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math> \mathcal{B}\left(\omega ,\frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }\right)=0, </math>

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where <math display="inline">\Upsilon =D_{\iota }^{\sigma }=\frac{\partial ^{\sigma }}{\partial \iota ^{\sigma }}</math> is the Caputo fractional derivative, <math display="inline">\Phi </math> is representing the generic differential operators, the continuous functions are shown in <math display="inline">w(\vartheta ,\iota )</math> and the boundary operator is represented by <math display="inline">\mathcal{B}</math>. The main request made here is for the differential operator <math display="inline">\Upsilon </math> , which is general. However, if necessary, we can combine a number of linear components with nonlinear terms.

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The following describes how the suggested method operates. The starting condition is obtained by removing the nonlinear portion as

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\alpha }\omega _{0}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right) =  w(\vartheta ,\iota ),\quad \mathcal{B}\left(\omega _{0},\frac{\partial \omega _{0}}{\partial \vartheta }\right)=0. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (8)

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By resolving the following issues, the next approximations of solutions are produced:

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\alpha }\omega _{1}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right) =  w(\vartheta ,\iota ),\quad \mathcal{B}\left(\omega _{1},\frac{\partial \omega _{1}}{\partial \vartheta }\right)=0. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (9)

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As a result, we have a simple iterative process for solving a group of issues

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<span id="eq-10"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\alpha }\omega _{n+1}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{n}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right) =  w(\vartheta ,\iota ),\quad \mathcal{B}\left(\omega _{n+1},\frac{\partial \omega _{n+1}}{\partial \vartheta }\right)=0. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (10)

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In this technique, it is crucial to remember that any of the <math display="inline">\omega _{n+1}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)</math> is individually a solution to the problem ([[#eq-7|7]]). We confirm that these iterative stages are simple to carry out and that each solution is an improvement over the previous iteration. The convergence of solutions must be confirmed by comparing successive solutions to the prior iteration. The analytical solution and the exact solution to the issue ([[#eq-7|7]]) converge as more iterations are made. This allows for the development of an adequate analytical solution with the exact solution as

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<span id="eq-11"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \underset{{\scriptstyle {\scriptscriptstyle n\rightarrow \infty }}} {lim} \omega_{n} (\vartheta ,\iota{)}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (11)

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===3.2 Basic Procedure for the fractional NDM===

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The following examples demonstrate how the recommended approach is based on the theory and method for solving fractional nonlinear partial differential equations:

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<span id="eq-12"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)+\mathcal{R}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )+\mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \hbar \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right),\;n-1<\sigma \leq n, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (12)

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with the initial condition

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega \left(\vartheta ,0\right) =  v\left(\vartheta \right), </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (13)

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where the Caputo operator of <math display="inline">\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)</math> is denoted by <math display="inline">D_{\iota }^{\sigma }=\frac{\partial ^{\sigma }}{\partial \iota ^{\sigma }}</math>, the linear function is denoted by <math display="inline">\mathcal{R}</math>, the non-linear function is denoted by <math display="inline">\mathcal{F}</math> and the source term is denoted by <math display="inline">\hbar (\vartheta ,\iota )</math>. Applying the NT to Eq. ([[#eq-12|12]]) and employing definition 5, we obtain

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right] =  \frac{q^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}\frac{q^{i-\sigma }}{s^{i+1-\sigma }}\left[D^{i}\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right]_{\iota=0}+\frac{q^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\hbar \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right]-\frac{q^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\mathcal{R}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )+\mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right]. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (14)

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Applying the inverse NT to the previous equation, we get

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right) =  \mathcal{H}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)+\mathbb{N}^{-}\left\{\frac{q^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\hbar \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)-\mathcal{R}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )-\mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right]\right\}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (15)

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<math display="inline">\mathcal{H}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)</math> exists based on the provided initial condition and nonhomogeneous term. Let's suppose that an infinite series solution has the form

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty}\omega _{n}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right),\qquad \mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty}A_{n}, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (16)

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where <math display="inline">A_{n}</math> denotes the nonlinear term of <math display="inline">\mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )</math>, then we get

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\sum _{n=0}^{\infty}\omega _{n}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right) =  \mathcal{H}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)+\mathbb{N}^{-}\left\{\frac{q^{\zeta }}{s^{\zeta }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\hbar \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)-\mathcal{R}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )-\mathcal{F}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right]\right\}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (17)

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Ultimately, the analytical solutions are presented in the following form:

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right) =  \sum _{n=0}^{\infty} \omega_{n}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right). </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (18)

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==4 Numerical examples of the KS models==

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This section demonstrates how the iterative methods TAM and NDM will be used to solve the fractional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky problem.

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===4.1 Example 1===

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The following form can be used to represent the fractional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

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<span id="eq-19"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )+\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}=0, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (19)

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with initial condition

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19\sqrt{19}}\tanh ^{3}[\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta})]-45\tanh[\kappa(\vartheta-\eta)] </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (20)

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The two iterative approaches that have been suggested will be used to resolve this issue.

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'''Solving the Example 1 by Tthe AM: '''

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By using the fractional TAM by first formulating the problem as

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )=\frac{\partial ^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \iota ^{\sigma }},\quad \Phi \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}},\quad w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (21)

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The first problem that has to be resolved is

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<span id="eq-22"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=0,\qquad \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (22)

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The solution of Eq. ([[#eq-22|22]]) may be obtained by using a straightforward procedure, as shown below

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=0,\qquad \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (23)

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As a result, using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 2 |2]]), we can derive the primary iteration as

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19\sqrt{19}}\tanh ^{3}[\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta})]-45\tanh[\kappa(\vartheta-\eta)] </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (24)

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It is possible to compute the next iteration, and we have

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<span id="eq-25"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{1}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)+w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0,\qquad \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (25)

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Then, by integrating both sides of Eq. ([[#eq-25|25]]) and using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 1|2]]), we obtain

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=-I^{\sigma }\left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right),\qquad \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (26)

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The next iteration appears as

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \zeta +\frac{15\tanh ^{3}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-45\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{19\sqrt{19}}+\frac{45\kappa \iota ^{\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{4}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{6859\Gamma (\sigma{+1)}}</math>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     \times \left(19\sqrt{19}\zeta{+\tanh}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\left(15\left(152\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{3}-1\right)\hbox{ sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+76\sqrt{19}\kappa \left(1-16\kappa ^{2}\right)-30\right)\right) </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (27)

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The following iteration is calculable and is provided as

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<span id="eq-28"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{2}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)+w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0,\qquad \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (28)

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Then, by integrating both sides of Eq. ([[#eq-28|28]]) and using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 1|2]]), we obtain

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{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

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{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=-I^{\sigma }\left(\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial \omega _{1}^{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial \omega _{1}^{4}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right),\qquad \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (29)

|}

​

Each repetition of the <math display="inline">\omega _{n}(\vartheta ,\iota )</math> represents a rough solution to Eq. ([[#eq-19|19]]) in accordance with Eq. ([[#eq-11|11]]), which states that. The analytical solution gets closer to the exact solution as the number of iterations rises. By continuing with this process, we are able to create the following sequence of analytical solution templates as

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \underset{{\scriptscriptstyle n\rightarrow \infty }}{lim}\omega _{n}(\vartheta ,\iota )\simeq \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota{).} </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (30)

|}

​

Here are some details on the exact solution to which the preceding approximate solution leads [30],

​

<span id="eq-31"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \zeta +\frac{15}{19\sqrt{19}}\tanh ^{3}[\kappa (\vartheta{-\zeta}\iota{-\eta})]-45\tanh[\kappa(\vartheta-\zeta\iota-\eta)] </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (31)

|}

​

'''Solving the Example 1 by the DM: '''

​

Eq. ([[#eq-19|19]]) may be simplified by applying NT to it

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right]=-\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (32)

|}

​

The definition of the non-linear operator is

​

<span id="eq-33"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\frac{s^{\sigma }}{\omega ^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}[\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )]-\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{s^{\sigma{-}(k+1)}}{\varrho ^{\sigma{-}k}}\left[D^{k}\omega \right]_{\iota=0}=-\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (33)

|}

​

When Eq. ([[#eq-33|33]]) is made simpler, we obtain

​

<span id="eq-34"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\mathbb{N}^{+}[\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )]=\frac{1}{s}\left[\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right]-\frac{\varrho ^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (34)

|}

​

Eq. ([[#eq-34|34]]) is transformed by inverse NT to give us

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )=\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )-\mathbb{N}^{-1}\left[\frac{\varrho ^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }-\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]\right]. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (35)

|}

​

We may calculate the terms of the series by using <math display="inline">\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )</math> to solve the previous equation

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })=\sum _{\mathrm{n}=0}^{\infty }\mathrm{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })=\mathrm{\omega }_{0}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\mathrm{\omega }_{1}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\mathrm{\omega }_{2}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\ldots  </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (36)

|}

​

Using the NDM procedure, we get

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19\sqrt{19}}\tanh ^{3}[\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta})]-45\tanh[\kappa(\vartheta-\eta)], </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (37)

|}

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  -\frac{45\kappa \iota ^{\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{7}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{27436\sqrt{19}\Gamma (\sigma{+1)}}\biggl(\left(\left(11552\kappa ^{3}-722\kappa{+15}\sqrt{19}\right)\cosh (2\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-31768\kappa ^{3}-722\kappa{+30}\sqrt{19}\right)</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     \times{4}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-1083\zeta \cosh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-361\zeta \cosh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\biggr), </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (38)

|}

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \frac{45\kappa ^{2}\iota ^{2\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{11}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{39617584\Gamma (2\sigma{+1)}}\Bigl\{1444\zeta \left(4712\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{3}-152\sqrt{19}\kappa{+45}\right)\cosh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -21660\zeta \left(1216\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{3}+38\sqrt{19}\kappa{-27}\right)\cosh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-108300\zeta \cosh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +8121056\sqrt{19}\zeta \kappa ^{3}\cosh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+109744\sqrt{19}\zeta \kappa \cosh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-21660\zeta \cosh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -877952\sqrt{19}\zeta \kappa ^{3}\cosh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))++54872\sqrt{19}\zeta \kappa \cosh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-53100\sqrt{19}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +469242240\kappa ^{3}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-1097440\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{2}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+1992720\kappa \sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -48348816640\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{6}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-215098240\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{4}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+34295\sqrt{19}\zeta ^{2}\sinh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -1481544\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{2}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+1906080\kappa \sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-13500\sqrt{19}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (39)

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -143545152\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{4}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-85600320\kappa ^{3}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+16385218176\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{6}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +61731\sqrt{19}\zeta ^{2}\sinh (3\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-173280\kappa \sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+4500\sqrt{19}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +68041280\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{4}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-12822720\kappa ^{3}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-274360\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{2}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -1611041920\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{6}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+34295\sqrt{19}\zeta ^{2}\sinh (5\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+900\sqrt{19}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +1386240\kappa ^{3}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+109744\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{2}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-86640\kappa \sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     +28094464\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{6}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-3511808\sqrt{19}\kappa ^{4}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))+6859\sqrt{19}\zeta ^{2}\sinh (7\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\Bigr\}. </math>

|}

|}

​

And so on. The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained in Figure 1 and Table 1.

​

<div id='img-1'></div>

<div id='img-1'></div>

<div id='img-1'></div>

<div id='img-1'></div>

<div id='img-1'></div>

<div id='img-1f'></div>

<div id='img-1'></div>

{| class="floating_imageSCP" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid #BBB; margin: 1em auto; width: 100%;max-width: 100%;"

|-

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1-ex.png|232px|Exact solution of ω(ϑ,ι).]]

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1-NDM.png|232px|Approximate solution of ω(ϑ,ι).]]

|- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"

| (1) Exact solution of <math display="inline">\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )</math>.

| (1) Approximate solution of <math display="inline">\omega (\vartheta ,\iota{).}</math>

|-

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1-error1.png|232px|Absolute error at ι=1.]]

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1-ex+app.png|232px|Representation of the approximate solution with the exact solution.]]

|- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"

| (1) Absolute error at <math display="inline">\iota=1</math>.

| (1) Representation of the approximate solution with the exact solution.

|-

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1(w0+w1+w2).png|232px|Comparative graphical simulation in the steady state.]]

|[[Image:Draft_Hagag_330916598-KS1-alpha.png|236px|The solution of the power series approaches the exact solution.]]

|- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"

| (1) Comparative graphical simulation in the steady state.

| (f) The solution of the power series approaches the exact solution.

|- style="text-align: center; font-size: 75%;"

| colspan="2" | '''Figure 1:''' The behavior of a collection of approximate solutions obtained for case (1) at <math>\sigma=1</math>, <math>\kappa =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{19}}</math>, <math>\zeta=5</math> <math>,\eta=-25</math>.

|}

​

​

{|  class="floating_tableSCP wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin: 1em auto;min-width:50%;"

|+ style="font-size: 75%;" |Table. 1 Compare numerical calculations of analytical solutions <math>\omega \left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)</math> of Eq. ([[#eq-19|19]]) obtained by TAM algorithm and NDM with exact, and q-HATM solutions at <math>\sigma=1</math>, <math>\kappa =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{19}}</math>, <math>\zeta=5</math> <math>,\eta=-25</math>.

|-

| <math display="inline">\vartheta </math> 

| <math>\iota </math>

| <math>\omega _{{\scriptscriptstyle TAM}}</math>

| <math>\omega _{{\scriptscriptstyle NDM}}</math>

| <math>\omega _{{\scriptscriptstyle HATM}}</math>[30] 

| <math>\omega _{{\scriptscriptstyle TAM}}(\sigma=0.9)</math>

| <math>\omega _{{\scriptscriptstyle NDM}}(\sigma=0.9)</math>

|-

| rowspan="5" | 1

| 0.2 

| 2.80424E08 

| 2.48734E09 

| 2.80432E08 

| 2.14599E06 

| 2.67151E06

|-

| 0.4 

| 4.95147E07 

| 8.62662E08 

| 4.95160E07 

| 2.08915E06 

| 5.50393E06

|-

| 0.6 

| 2.78302E06 

| 7.13064E07 

| 2.78309E06 

| 2.7345E06 

| 7.47041E06

|-

| 0.8 

| 9.82780E06 

| 3.28572E06 

| 9.82802E06 

| 1.67288E05 

| 5.46055E06

|-

| 1 

| 2.69887E05 

| 1.10169E05 

| 2.69893E05 

| 4.67056E05 

| 6.17336E06

|-

| rowspan="5" | 2

| 0.2 

| 1.78570E08 

| 1.58980E09 

| 1.78573E08 

| 1.35933E06 

| 1.69305E06

|-

| 0.4 

| 3.15442E07 

| 5.51676E08 

| 3.15448E07 

| 1.32002E06 

| 3.48849E06

|-

| 0.6 

| 1.77395E06 

| 4.56307E07 

| 1.77397E06 

| 1.75053E06 

| 4.72985E06

|-

| 0.8 

| 6.26867E06 

| 2.10428E06 

| 6.26876E06 

| 1.06596E05 

| 3.43118E06

|-

| 1 

| 1.72293E05 

| 7.06240E06 

| 1.72296E05 

| 2.97593E05 

| 4.02031E06

|-

| rowspan="5" | 3

| 0.2 

| 1.13535E08 

| 1.01377E09 

| 1.13536E08 

| 8.60648E07 

| 1.07236E06

|-

| 0.4 

| 2.00629E07 

| 3.51942E-08 

| 2.00631E07 

| 8.34089E07 

| 2.20978E06

|-

| 0.6 

| 1.12877E06 

| 2.91252E07 

| 1.12878E06 

| 1.11763E06 

| 2.99357E06

|-

| 0.8 

| 3.99093E06 

| 1.34397E06 

| 1.99096E06 

| 6.78091E06 

| 2.15839E06

|-

| 1 

| 1.09764E05 

| 4.51409E06 

| 1.09765E06 

| 1.89302E05 

| 2.60114E06

|-

| rowspan="5" | 4

| 0.2 

| 7.20971E09 

| 6.45271E-10 

| 7.20976E09 

| 5.44714E07 

| 6.78920E07

|-

| 0.4 

| 1.27440E07 

| 2.24089E08 

| 1.27441E07 

| 5.27063E07 

| 1.39914E06

|-

| 0.6 

| 7.17241E07 

| 1.85523E07 

| 7.17246E07 

| 7.12053E07 

| 1.89411E06

|-

| 0.8 

| 2.53701E06 

| 8.56512E07 

| 2.53702E06 

| 4.30781E06 

| 1.35897E06

|-

| 1 

| 6.98135E06 

| 2.87858E06 

| 6.98138E06 

| 1.20257E05 

| 1.67448E06

|-

| rowspan="5" | 5

| 0.2 

| 4.57386E09 

| 4.10120E-10 

| 4.57388E09 

| 3.44656E07 

| 4.29680E07

|-

| 0.4 

| 8.08663E08 

| 1.42464E08 

| 8.08667E08 

| 3.33064E07 

| 8.85550E07

|-

| 0.6 

| 4.55248E07 

| 1.17984E07 

| 4.55249E07 

| 4.52901E07 

| 1.19818E06

|-

| 0.8 

| 1.61084E06 

| 5.44920E07 

| 3.61084E07 

| 2.73379E06 

| 8.56270E07

|-

| 1 

| 4.43460E06 

| 1.83226E06 

| 4.43462E07 

| 7.63155E06 

| 1.07374E06

​

|}

​

===4.2 Example 2===

​

The following form can be used to represent the fractional Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

​

<span id="eq-40"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )+\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}=0, </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (40)

|}

​

with initial condition

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19}\sqrt{\frac{11}{19}}\left(11\tanh ^{3}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-9\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\right). </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (41)

|}

​

The two iterative approaches that have been suggested will be used to resolve this issue.

​

'''Solving the Example 2 by the AM: '''

​

By using the fractional TAM by first formulating the problem as

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )=\frac{\partial ^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \iota ^{\sigma }},\quad \Phi \left(\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}},\quad w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (42)

|}

​

The first problem that has to be resolved is

​

<span id="eq-43"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=0,\qquad \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (43)

|}

​

The solution of Eq. ([[#eq-43|43]]) may be obtained by using a straightforward procedure, as shown below

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=0,\qquad \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (44)

|}

​

As a result, using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 2 |2]]), we can derive the primary iteration as

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19}\sqrt{\frac{11}{19}}\left(11\tanh ^{3}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-9\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\right). </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (45)

|}

​

It is possible to compute the next iteration, and we have

​

<span id="eq-46"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{1}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)+w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0,\qquad \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (46)

|}

​

Then, by integrating both sides of Eq. ([[#eq-46|46]]) and using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 1|2]]), we obtain

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=-I^{\sigma }\left(\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right),\qquad \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (47)

|}

​

The next iteration appears as

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \zeta{+\gamma}+\frac{45\kappa \iota ^{\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{6859\Gamma (\sigma{+1)}}\biggl(16\left(19\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(4\kappa ^{2}+1\right)-165\right)\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-152\sqrt{209}\zeta +\hbox{ sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     \times \left(209\sqrt{209}\zeta{+\tanh}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\left(165\left(152\sqrt{209}\kappa ^{3}-121\right)\hbox{ sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-76\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(224\kappa ^{2}+11\right)+18150\right)\right)\biggr). </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (48)

|}

​

The following iteration is calculable and is provided as

​

<span id="eq-49"></span>

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\Upsilon \left(\omega _{2}\left(\vartheta ,\iota \right)\right)+\Phi \left(\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)+w(\vartheta ,\iota )=0,\qquad \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

|}

| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (49)

|}

​

Then, by integrating both sides of Eq. ([[#eq-49|49]]) and using the fundamental characteristics of definition ([[#Definition 1|2]]), we obtain

​

{| class="formulaSCP" style="width: 100%; text-align: left;" 

|-

| 

{| style="text-align: left; margin:auto;width: 100%;" 

|-

| style="text-align: center;" | <math>I^{\sigma }\left(D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right)=-I^{\sigma }\left(\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )\frac{\partial \omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial \omega _{1}^{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial \omega _{1}^{4}(\vartheta ,\iota )}{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right),\qquad \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (50)

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Each repetition of the <math display="inline">\omega _{n}(\vartheta ,\iota )</math> represents a rough solution to Eq. ([[#eq-40|40]]) in accordance with Eq. ([[#eq-11|11]]), which states that. The analytical solution gets closer to the exact solution as the number of iterations rises. By continuing with this process, we are able to create the following sequence of analytical solution templates as

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \underset{{\scriptscriptstyle n\rightarrow \infty }}{lim}\omega _{n}(\vartheta ,\iota )\simeq \omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota{).} </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (51)

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Here are some details on the exact solution to which the preceding approximate solution leads [30],

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<span id="eq-52"></span>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \zeta +\frac{15}{19}\sqrt{\frac{11}{19}}\left(11\tanh ^{3}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\zeta}\iota{-\eta}))-9\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\zeta}\iota{-\eta}))\right). </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (52)

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'''Solving Example 2 by the NDM: '''

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Eq. ([[#eq-40|40]]) may be simplified by applying NT to it

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[D_{\iota }^{\sigma }\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )\right]=-\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (53)

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The definition of the non-linear operator is

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<span id="eq-54"></span>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\frac{s^{\sigma }}{\omega ^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}[\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )]-\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\frac{s^{\sigma{-}(k+1)}}{\varrho ^{\sigma{-}k}}\left[D^{k}\omega \right]_{\iota=0}=-\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (54)

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When Eq. ([[#eq-54|54]]) is made simpler, we obtain

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<span id="eq-55"></span>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\mathbb{N}^{+}[\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )]=\frac{1}{s}\left[\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )\right]-\frac{\varrho ^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (55)

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Eq. ([[#eq-55|55]]) is transformed by inverse NT to give us

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,\iota )=\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )-\mathbb{N}^{-1}\left[\frac{\varrho ^{\sigma }}{s^{\sigma }}\mathbb{N}^{+}\left[\omega \frac{\partial \omega }{\partial \vartheta }+\frac{\partial ^{2}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{2}}+\frac{\partial ^{4}\omega }{\partial \vartheta ^{4}}\right]\right]. </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (56)

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We may calculate the terms of the series by using <math display="inline">\omega _{0}(\vartheta ,\iota )</math> to solve the previous equation

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })=\sum _{\mathrm{n}=0}^{\infty }\mathrm{\omega }_{\mathrm{n}}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })=\mathrm{\omega }_{0}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\mathrm{\omega }_{1}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\mathrm{\omega }_{2}(\mathrm{\vartheta },\mathrm{\iota })+\ldots  </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (57)

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Using the NDM procedure, we get

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega (\vartheta ,0)=\zeta{+\gamma}=\zeta +\frac{15}{19}\sqrt{\frac{11}{19}}\left(11\tanh ^{3}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-9\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\right), </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (58)

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{1}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \frac{45\kappa \iota ^{\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{6859\Gamma (\sigma{+1)}}\Bigl\{16\left(19\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(4\kappa ^{2}+1\right)-165\right)\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-152\sqrt{209}\zeta +\hbox{ sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     \left(209\sqrt{209}\zeta{+\tanh}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\left(165\left(152\sqrt{209}\kappa ^{3}-121\right)\hbox{ sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))-76\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(224\kappa ^{2}+11\right)+18150\right)\right)\Bigr\}, </math>

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| style="width: 5px;text-align: right;white-space: nowrap;" | (59)

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>\omega _{2}(\vartheta ,\iota )  =  \frac{90\kappa ^{2}\iota ^{2\sigma }\hbox{sech}^{2}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))}{2476099\Gamma (2\sigma{+1)}}\Bigl\{11552\zeta \left(19\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(4\kappa ^{2}+1\right)-165\right)-8\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     \times \left(\sqrt{209}\left(6859\zeta ^{2}+9900\right)+1444\kappa \left(4\kappa ^{2}+1\right)\left(19\sqrt{209}\kappa \left(4\kappa ^{2}+1\right)-330\right)\right)</math>

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| style="text-align: center;" | <math>     -2475\left(5776\left(1596\sqrt{209}\kappa ^{3}-1573\right)\kappa ^{3}+6655\sqrt{209}\right)\tanh (\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))\hbox{ sech}^{8}(\kappa (\vartheta{-\eta}))</math>

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